Persians

This source names Persians directly: "D.N. MacKenzie's two part article "Mani's Sabuhragan," published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, assembles and translates the surviving Middle Persian fragments of..."

This source names Persians directly: "W.W. How and J."

This source names Persians directly: "James Henry Breasted's A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, published by Charles Scribner's Sons in 1905 and revised in 1906, is an early landmark of American..."

This source names Persians directly: "Wikipedia's article on the Achaemenid Empire, community-edited."

This source names Persians directly: "Vincent A."

This source names Persians directly: "The arabesque is the scrolling vegetal ornament of Islamic art: a stylised stem that forks at rhythmic intervals, each fork carrying a leaf or palmette that may itself become a new stem, with no..."

The Bab and Baha'u'llah were both Persian; Persian is one of the faith's two scriptural languages.

This source names Persians directly: "Carmen Astrologicum, by Dorotheus of Sidon and dated to roughly the first century, is the primary text itself, one of the earliest surviving systematic treatises on Hellenistic astrology..."

This source names Persians directly: "In 297 CE the emperor Diocletian ordered Manichaeism annihilated within the empire, treating it as a subversive Persian sect at a time of open war between Rome and Persia, a suspicion of foreign..."

This source names Persians directly: "of the True Cross from the Sassanid Persians in 630."

This source names Persians directly: "and Neo-Assyrian art well before the Persians, often with a god set within the disc."

This source names Persians directly: "The Fort of Shaykh Tabarsi was a rural shrine tomb in the forested Mazandaran province of northern Iran, named for a local Sufi figure, which several hundred Babis fortified in October 1848 under..."

This source names Persians directly: "Girih, Persian for knot, names the interlacing geometric strapwork of Islamic architecture: star-and-polygon patterns whose straplines weave over and under one another like a knotted cord."

This source names Persians directly: "A herbad, from the Avestan aethrapati by way of Middle Persian, is a Zoroastrian priest ranked below a mobed in the tradition's graded priesthood, historically also carrying the sense of a religious..."

This source names Persians directly: "Herodotus's Histories is the surviving fifth century BCE Greek account often called the founding work of Western historical writing, and this Perseus Digital Library edition presents the Greek text..."

This source names Persians directly: "Ctesias of Cnidus was a Greek physician at the Persian court in the fifth century BCE, and his Indica, surviving only in fragments and later summary, is the earliest identifiable ancestor of the..."

This source names Persians directly: "Muslim Malay and Arab merchants had long traded through the Southeast Asian archipelago when the Sunni scholar Shaykh Makhdum Karim reached the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo in 1380 and began..."

This source names Persians directly: "Cyrus the Great of Persia captured Babylon in 539 BCE and, the following year, ended the exile, permitting Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple there."

This source names Persians directly: "The karkadann is a large, powerful, single-horned beast of Persian and wider Middle Eastern legend, generally described as roughly the size of a large ox or small elephant, extremely aggressive, and..."

This source names Persians directly: "When a local guide showed the Persians a path around the pass, Leonidas dismissed most of the allied contingents and stayed to fight a rearguard action with his Spartans, the Thespian volunteers and..."

This source names Persians directly: "Mani, born around 216 CE in Babylonia to a family of Parthian aristocratic descent, began preaching a new revelation in his mid-twenties after a journey that included India."

This source names Persians directly: "The divine beings of Manichaeism, the third-century dualist religion founded by the Persian prophet Mani, arranged around a cosmic struggle between the Realm of Light and the Realm of Darkness..."

This source names Persians directly: "The Maragheh Observatory was built in 1259 in northwestern Iran under the patronage of the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Hulagu and directed by the Persian polymath Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, who had persuaded..."

This source names Persians directly: "An eighth century Persian Jewish astrologer who worked at the early Abbasid court in Iraq, born in Basra and originally from Khorasan."

This source names Persians directly: "The Wikipedia biographical article on Mashallah ibn Athari (circa 740 to 815 CE), the Persian Jewish astrologer who worked at the early Abbasid court, took part in the electional horoscope cast for..."

This source names Persians directly: "The comparative grammatical study of Avestan and Old Persian, opened by Eugene Burnouf's 1833 analysis of the Yasna."

This source names Persians directly: "The Panj Sha'n (Five Grades, or Five Modes) is a major compilation work of the Bab, written in Arabic and Persian and combining several distinct literary and doctrinal genres in one collection..."

This source names Persians directly: "Wikipedia's article on Persian miniature painting, consulted 2026-08-11."

This source names Persians directly: "Classical Persian manuscripts collated against each other to establish which variant reading is most likely original."

This source names Persians directly: "This rule fixes Purim on the fourteenth of Adar in an ordinary Hebrew year, commemorating the deliverance of Persian Jewry from a plot to destroy them, told in the Book of Esther."

This source names Persians directly: "Qazvini, Mohammad, the Encyclopaedia Iranica entry by Mahmoud Omidsalar published in 2016, is a scholarly reference article on Mohammad Qazvini, the influential early twentieth century Iranian..."

This source names Persians directly: "S. A. A. Rizvi was a historian of Mughal India, and this book, published by Munshiram Manoharlal, is his academic study of the religious and intellectual life of Muslims during the reign of the..."

This source names Persians directly: "Franklin Lewis is a scholar of Persian literature, and this book is an academic biography and literary study of Rumi, published by Oneworld, that works through the full range of primary sources in..."

This source names Persians directly: "The Samaritan Book of Joshua is a medieval Arabic chronicle, distinct from and considerably expanding on the biblical book of the same name, that carries Samaritan history from Joshua's conquest of..."

This source names Persians directly: "Touraj Daryaee is a historian of ancient Iran, and this I.B."

This source names Persians directly: "The Shabuhragan is a summary of Manichaean cosmology and eschatology composed by Mani himself and dedicated to the Sasanian king Shapur I, making it unusual among Mani's core scriptures for being..."

This source names Persians directly: "The Shahnameh (Book of Kings) is a Persian epic poem by the poet Ferdowsi, begun around 977 CE and completed in its final form on March 8, 1010."

This source names Persians directly: "Abolqasem Ferdowsi's eleventh century Persian epic of the mythical and historical kings of Iran, including the tyrant Zahhak and his overthrow by the smith Kaveh and the hero Feridun, in Dick..."

This source names Persians directly: "Sogdian is an Eastern Iranian language of the Middle Iranian period, native to Sogdiana, the region around Samarkand and Bukhara in Central Asia, and the working lingua franca of the eastern Silk..."

This source names Persians directly: "The medieval Indian subcontinent studied from its own Persian and Arabic chronicles, first assembled into one continuous English record by Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson beginning in 1867."

This source names Persians directly: "Franz Cumont's Textes et monuments figures relatifs aux mysteres de Mithra, published by H."

This source names Persians directly: "Arab Muslim armies attacked Sasanian territory beginning in 633, broke permanent Sasanian resistance west of Iran at the Battle of Qadisiyyah in 636, and completed the conquest of the empire in 651..."

This source names Persians directly: "Bernard Lewis's The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam, published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson in 1967, is a scholarly history of the medieval Nizari Ismaili movement by a historian long established..."

This source names Persians directly: "The naval battle fought in the straits between the island of Salamis and the Attic coast in September 480 BCE, in which the combined Greek fleet, with Athens supplying the largest contingent under..."

This source names Persians directly: "After a local guide showed the Persians a path around the pass, Leonidas dismissed most of the allied troops and held the position with a rearguard of about three hundred Spartans, roughly seven..."

This source names Persians directly: "The Bundahishn is the Zoroastrian book of creation, a Middle Persian text setting out the tradition's own cosmology and cosmogony, and this Oxford University Press volume is Domenico Agostini and..."

This source names Persians directly: "Christianity reached Persian territory early, carried along trade routes out of Syriac-speaking Mesopotamia into the Sasanian Empire, with communities attested at Arbela in Adiabene and elsewhere..."

This source names Persians directly: "Farid al-Din Attar's The Conference of the Birds, Mantiq al-Tayr, is a primary foundational Persian Sufi allegorical poem; the atlas records no publisher and no exact publication year because it..."

This source names Persians directly: "The series of conflicts fought between the Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Persian Empire from the Ionian Revolt of 499 BCE through the failed Persian invasions of the Greek mainland led by..."

This source names Persians directly: "Jalal al-Din Rumi's Mathnawi is a primary source of the first order, the thirteenth century Persian Sufi mystic's major poetic work, often called the Quran in Persian within the tradition for its..."

This source names Persians directly: "David Ulansey is a scholar of ancient religion, and this Oxford University Press book is his academic study proposing that the Roman cult of Mithras originated from ancient astronomical observation..."

This source names Persians directly: "Vali Nasr's account of the modern Sunni-Shia divide and its political consequences across the Middle East, published by W.W."

This source names Persians directly: "The Thousand and One Nights, Alf Layla wa-Layla, is the primary text itself, a frame narrative collection assembled and expanded by multiple anonymous compilers across centuries and regions, drawing..."

This source names Persians directly: "Nearly five centuries after Bahram I ended the faith's Persian patronage, the Uyghur ruler accepted Manichaeism as the official religion of his Central Asian empire in 762 CE, after meeting..."

This source names Persians directly: "A combined citation covering Wikipedia's article on the Zafarnama and SikhiWiki, a community reference maintained by Sikh editors."

This source names Persians directly: "Themistocles was an Athenian statesman and general, born around 524 BCE to a family of only modest standing, who rose to dominate Athenian politics in the years after the Battle of Marathon."

This source names Persians directly: "The crowd sourced encyclopedia's article on the Shahnameh, Ferdowsi's Persian epic, read directly for this entry."

This source names Persians directly: "The Zafarnama, the Epistle of Victory, is a 111 verse Persian letter Guru Gobind Singh addressed to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1705, following the Battle of Chamkaur and the loss of Anandpur."

This source names Persians directly: "Under Artaxerxes I, who ruled the Achaemenid Persian Empire from 465 to 424 BCE, more than eight decades after Cyrus the Great founded the empire, Zoroastrianism became the empire's de facto religion."

Atar, fire, is tended by masked priests among the ancient Persians lest human breath pollute the ever burning temple flames.

Sraosha is a yazata of Zoroastrianism honored among the ancient Persians, guarding the world against the demons especially in the vulnerable hours of night.