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Georgian Orthodox Church

Christianity
Origin 326 to 337 CE

The national church of Georgia, tracing its founding to the early fourth century mission of Saint Nino, credited with converting King Mirian III of Kartli. Its autocephaly was suppressed under Russian imperial rule from 1811 and again under Soviet rule, restored unilaterally in 1917 and rebuilt under the long twentieth to twenty first century patriarchate of Ilia II.

Facts
Attributions
Church Family
Eastern Orthodox 1
Eastern Orthodox, autocephalous
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Chalcedonian: two natures in the one person of Christ (Chalcedon, 451) 3
Defining Doctrinal PositionSourced to the subject's own account
Rejects the Filioque: the Spirit proceeds from the Father 4
Organisation
Governance
Self-governing churches under patriarchs, deciding in synod 2 5
Governed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia and the Holy Synod; autocephaly was restored unilaterally in 1917
Ordination
Restricted to men 1
Ordination
Married clergy permitted 1
An autocephalous Eastern Orthodox national church, per its own record.
Relation to the State
Disestablished 6
Established as the medieval Kingdom of Georgia's state church, then suppressed and separated from the state under Soviet rule from 1921; the 2002 constitutional agreement, often called the concordat, restored the church to a privileged legal status, including property rights over historic churches and tax exemptions, without formally re-establishing it.
History
Separation or Divergence
Autocephaly abolished by Russian imperial authorities after the 1801 to 1810 annexation of Georgia 2
Date of Separation
from 1811 2
Practice
Liturgical Language
Georgian 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 7
A living national church claiming the allegiance of most ethnic Georgians
Giving
Standing Giving Expectation
The Georgian Orthodox Church holds no documented percentage tithe or fixed personal giving quota for an ordinary member. Under Article 6, paragraph 4 of the 2002 Constitutional Agreement between the Georgian state and the Church, the Church's own financing is categorized in law as coming from several sources together, voluntary contributions, corporate income, investments, grants and donations, alongside separate direct state budget funding under the same agreement. No primary Church source or scholarly study naming a specific rate or duty for an ordinary member has been found across two research bands on this axis; the concordat's own category label for lay giving is voluntary rather than a codified individual obligation. 8
How the Expectation Is Enforced
Customary Norm 8
Origins
Origin Period
326 to 337 CE 2
Place of Origin
The kingdom of Kartli (eastern Georgia) 2
Founder
Saint Nino, credited with converting Queen Nana and King Mirian III 2
Reckoning
Calendar System
Julian (Old Calendar) 1
Keeps the Julian reckoning for the fixed feasts as well as for Pascha
Trajectory
Membership Over Time
By the 2024 census, Geostat recorded 3,223,206 Georgian Orthodox adherents, a rise of 4.1 percent in absolute numbers since 2014, but their share of the total population had fallen to 82.0 percent, since other groups, chiefly Muslims, grew faster over the same decade. 9
Membership Over Time
Georgia's 2014 national census recorded Georgian Orthodox Church adherents at 83.4 percent of the population, according to the National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat). 9
Membership Figure As Of
2014-01-01 9
Membership Figure As Of
2024-01-01 9
Basis of the Membership Figure
National Census 9
Learn More
Saint Nino and the Conversion of Kartli

Georgian Christian tradition credits its conversion to a woman rather than a king's own initiative. Nino, a captive or missionary of debated origin, is said to have arrived in the kingdom of Kartli, eastern Georgia, in the early fourth century carrying a cross bound from vine branches with strands of her own hair, a form still reproduced as the distinctive Georgian cross. She is credited with healing Queen Nana and, through her, converting King Mirian III, who declared Christianity Kartli's religion around 326 to 337, making Georgia among the very earliest states to adopt the faith, alongside Armenia.

The church that grew from this conversion developed its own liturgical language and script, Old Georgian, and by the tenth and eleventh centuries had built a distinctive tradition of church architecture and polyphonic chant found nowhere else in the Orthodox world. Georgian monasteries, both inside the kingdom and at outposts as far as Mount Athos and Jerusalem, made the country a significant center of Byzantine-influenced Christian scholarship through the medieval period despite its small size and exposed position between competing regional powers.

Autocephaly, self-governance recognized by the wider Orthodox communion, was established early but was not permanent: the Georgian church lost its independent status when Russia annexed the kingdom in the early nineteenth century.

Loss and Restoration Under Empire and Soviet Rule

Russian annexation of Georgia between 1801 and 1810 was followed in 1811 by the abolition of the Georgian church's autocephaly: its Catholicos was replaced by a Russian-appointed Exarch, its distinct liturgical practices suppressed in favor of Russian Synodal norms, and its considerable historical wealth and land holdings substantially confiscated. Georgian clergy and laity treated the loss as a religious grievance bound tightly to the loss of national sovereignty, a link that shaped Georgian nationalism through the following century.

The church restored its own autocephaly unilaterally in 1917, in the same revolutionary upheaval that ended the Russian empire, electing a new Catholicos-Patriarch, but recognition from the Russian church and the wider Orthodox world did not follow for decades, and the Soviet period that began in 1921 brought a fresh round of suppression: churches closed or converted to secular use, clergy imprisoned or executed, and monastic life driven nearly to extinction.

The Georgian Orthodox Church's Soviet-era survival owed much to Catholicos-Patriarch Ilia II, elected in 1977 and still serving decades later, whose leadership through the Soviet collapse and Georgian independence in 1991 saw the church rebuilt as a central institution of national life. The Russian Orthodox Church recognized Georgian autocephaly formally only in 1943 and again more fully afterward; today the church claims the allegiance of the large majority of ethnic Georgians.

Holding the Old Calendar Through Empire and Restoration

Of the churches invited to weigh the Constantinople congress's proposal in 1923, the Georgian Orthodox Church is among the small group, alongside Jerusalem, Russia and Serbia, that never adopted the Revised Julian calendar at all. It kept, and keeps, the unrevised Julian reckoning for every feast of its year, fixed and movable alike.

The refusal sits inside a longer pattern this atlas already traces in the Georgian church's twentieth century history. Its autocephaly, first won in antiquity, had been suppressed by the Russian Empire in 1811 and was only restored amid the upheaval of 1917, then survived decades of Soviet suppression before Constantinople itself finally recognised it again in 1990. A church that had spent most of a century defending its right to exist as a distinct body at all had little appetite, in 1923, for adopting a calendar reform proposed by a congress most of the wider Orthodox world had not even attended, particularly one that would have aligned its own reckoning more closely with the states that had so recently tried to erase it.

The calendar question in Georgia was never really about astronomy. It was one more place where an ancient church, newly returned to its own authority, chose continuity with what it had always kept over a reform it had had no hand in deciding, the same instinct that runs through the rest of its modern history.

Georgian Orthodox Church
Filter Results18 entries
Connections

Associated With

This source names Georgian Orthodox Church directly: "Wikipedia's article on the Georgian Orthodox Church, read directly for this pass, which states that autocephaly was abolished by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1811, restored de facto in 1917 amid..."

Source Georgian Orthodox Church (Wikipedia)

This church keeps the Julian reckoning for the fixed feasts as well as for Pascha, so the Nativity falls thirteen days after the civil date. The Orthodox churches that took up the revised calendar in the 1920s moved only the fixed feasts and still compute Pascha on the old reckoning.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Belongs To Church Family

Belongs to Tradition

Branch Of

One of the national Eastern Orthodox churches.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Rejected Here

Papal primacy and infallibility, Doctrines

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
The Filioque, Doctrines

The creed is recited here in its original form, that the Spirit proceeds from the Father. The Latin addition of and the Son is rejected both as an unauthorised alteration of a conciliar text and as bad theology, and it remains the principal doctrinal difference with Rome.

Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

The Georgian church declined to attend, objecting to the draft texts on marriage and on relations with the other Christian bodies, and does not recognise the result.

Source Official Documents of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, Crete 2016Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church

Held Differently

Purgatory, Doctrines

This church prays for the dead and holds that the prayers help them, but it does not teach a distinct place of satisfactory punishment or the calculus of temporal penalty that the Western doctrine carries.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Original sin, Doctrines

What is rejected is the Augustinian transmission of guilt, not the teaching that humanity begins damaged. This church speaks of ancestral sin: what passes from Adam is mortality and a nature inclined to sin, not personal culpability for another's act.

Source Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal ThemesJohn Meyendorff
The Real Presence in the Eucharist, Doctrines

The gifts are held to be truly the body and blood of Christ. The change is confessed without committing the church to the scholastic account of substance and accident that the Latin term transubstantiation carries.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Governed By Polity

Holds Element

The Georgian church is headed by a catholicos patriarch.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

The chant of the Georgian Orthodox Church, sung in Georgian across the liturgy and the hours, and the tradition the church defended against imperial pressure to replace it.

Source The Transcription and Transmission of Georgian Liturgical ChantJohn A. Graham

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Sext, Practices

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The Sixth Hour is prayed daily from the Horologion and is joined to the Third in ordinary parish use.

Source Shen Khar Venakhi (Wikipedia and Georgian Chant)Wikipedia contributors and Georgian Chant project editors

Sin is described in medical rather than forensic terms: Christ the physician, the church a hospital, the passions the disease, and confession a treatment rather than a sentence.

Source Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal ThemesJohn Meyendorff

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source Historical Monuments of Mtskheta, UNESCO World Heritage CentreUNESCO World Heritage Centre
Terce, Practices

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The Third Hour is prayed daily from the Horologion and carries the commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit.

The Anaphora, Rituals

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The anaphoras of St John Chrysostom and St Basil the Great are used according to a fixed calendar, the longer Basil on ten days of the year.

The Epiclesis, Rituals

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The epiclesis follows the institution narrative and is held to be the moment of consecration, which is the central Eastern difference from Western eucharistic theology.

The Fraction, Rituals

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The Lamb is broken into four particles marked IC XC NI KA, one placed in the chalice, one for the clergy and two for the communion of the people.

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century.

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The Orthodox call it the Divine Liturgy, most often that of John Chrysostom, sung throughout behind an icon screen, with leavened bread and communion given in both kinds from a spoon after preparation by fasting and confession.

The liturgical books name the Theotokos ever-virgin at every service, which is where the doctrine is carried here rather than in a dogmatic definition of its own.

Source Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic ChurchIsabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator)

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The institution narrative is recited within the anaphora, but the consecration is not located in it.

Theosis, Doctrines

Salvation is framed as participation in the divine life rather than as a debt discharged. The Palamite distinction between God's unknowable essence and his uncreated energies is what lets union with God be affirmed without the creature being absorbed into the divine essence.

Source Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal ThemesJohn Meyendorff
Theotokos, Doctrines

Affirmed at Ephesus in 431 and repeated in the Chalcedonian Definition. The title is a statement about Christ before it is a statement about Mary: she is God-bearer because the one she bore is God.

Source The Definition of Faith of the Council of ChalcedonCouncil of Chalcedonthe holders' own account
Trinity, Doctrines

Confessed in the words of the creed of Nicaea and Constantinople as this church recites it, without the later Western addition to the article on the Spirit.

Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. Orthodoxy defended images at the seventh council and keeps them central: an icon is kissed on entering, censed, carried in procession, laid on a stand for the feast of the day, and kept in a corner of the home. It is written to a received pattern rather than invented, and generally

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The Orthodox honour Mary as Theotokos, God-bearer, and glorify saints by decision of a synod rather than through a Roman-style process; they reject the Immaculate Conception as answering a doctrine of original sin they do not hold, while keeping the Dormition.

Vespers, Practices

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century.

Viaticum, Rituals

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. The Byzantine churches reserve the Lamb through the year for it.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Showing 101 to 132 of 132 in Objects and Practices of This Tradition, page 3 of 3.

Originates in Language

The Georgian church has celebrated in Georgian since its early centuries. The Georgian alphabet and the oldest surviving Georgian literature are bound up with the church's own translation work.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Uses Liturgical Language

Sources
1. The Orthodox Church
Timothy Ware (Kallistos Ware), Penguin Books, 1993View the Source
2. The Making of the Georgian Nation
Ronald Grigor Suny, Indiana University Press, 1994
3. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
4. The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed
First Council of Constantinople, 381The Nicene Creed text
Quote, The Nicene Creed text
We believe in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible.
the holders' own accountView the Source
5. Georgian Orthodox Church (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
6. International Religious Freedom Report
United States Department of State, Office of International Religious Freedom, US Department of State, 2023View the Source
7. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
8. Transparency International Georgia: An Overview of Public Financing Provided to the Georgian Patriarchate
Transparency International GeorgiaQuoted 2002 Constitutional Agreement Art. 6(4) clause on Church financing sources
Quote, Quoted 2002 Constitutional Agreement Art. 6(4) clause on Church financing sources
The Church financing sources include: voluntary contributions, corporate income, investments, grants, donations, and other income received in accordance with applicable law.
View the Source
9. Georgia's Population Exceeds 3.9 Million in 2024 Census as Geostat Releases Final Detailed Data
The Transcription and Transmission of Georgian Liturgical Chant
John A. Graham, Princeton University, 2015View the Source
Official Documents of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, Crete 2016
Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, 2016News Bulletin Number 1
Quote, News Bulletin Number 1
The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church commenced on the Sunday of Pentecost, 19 June 2016, with the Pan-Orthodox concelebration of all the Primates of the participating Orthodox Churches.
View the Source
The Definition of Faith of the Council of Chalcedon
Council of Chalcedon, 451Session IV, Definition of Faith
Quote, Session IV, Definition of Faith
Following the holy Fathers we teach with one voice that the Son of God and our Lord Jesus Christ is to be confessed as one and the same Person, that he is perfect in Godhead and perfect in manhood, very God and very man.
the holders' own accountView the Source
Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes
John Meyendorff, Fordham University Press, 1979On ancestral sin, deification and the apophatic methodView the Source
Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church
Isabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator), Houghton Mifflin, 1906The litanies, which name the Theotokos ever-virginView the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
Does the Georgian Orthodox Church Hold a Formal Personal Member Giving Obligation?

A named-author 2021 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace policy report on the Georgian Orthodox Church's political and financial position documents its state funding channels in real detail, annual budget transfers, land, buildings and vehicles from the Georgian government and local municipalities, and never once addresses ordinary parishioner or member giving. Two bands on this axis have now searched specifically for a Georgian Orthodox tithe, due or stewardship norm (the 2002 state concordat, general Orthodox stewardship literature, Georgian-language donation terminology) and found nothing that names the Church's own practice.

What would resolve this A primary Georgian Orthodox Church source (a parish or diocesan stewardship statement, a Patriarchate financial policy) or a scholarly study of Georgian parish-level finance specifically, stating whether an ordinary member is expected to give a set amount or percentage.
Georgian religious studies, primary source review of Georgian Orthodox Church financial governanceArchil Gegeshidze and Mikheil Mirziashvili, The Orthodox Church in Georgia's Changing Society
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