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Cultures

Tamils

Also Known As Tamil · Tamil People
Peoples

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The Tamils are the Tamil-speaking people of southern India and northern Sri Lanka, with a literature reaching back to the Sangam poems, among the oldest surviving in any Indian language other than Sanskrit. Tamil Shaivism and the devotional hymns of the Alvars and Nayanars were composed in Tamil rather than in Sanskrit, which made vernacular devotion a serious religious claim and not a concession to the unlearned. Tamil communities in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa and the Caribbean carry the same temple traditions abroad.

Facts
Origins
Origin Region
Tamil Nadu in southern India and the north and east of Sri Lanka, with long-established communities in Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji and South Africa. 1
Language Family
Tamil, South Dravidian, and the oldest attested literary language of the Dravidian family. 2
Traditions
Principal Religious Traditions
Shaiva and Vaishnava devotion in the hymns of the Nayanars and the Alvars, composed in Tamil rather than Sanskrit; the Shaiva Siddhanta theology built on them; Murugan, whose festivals draw the largest crowds at home and in the diaspora; and long-established Christian and Muslim communities. 3
Practice
Practice Status
Living, and practised in varied local forms 3
Learn More
Murugan, the Bhakti Saints and the Temple Town

Tamil religion is the earliest documented devotional tradition in South Asia in a language other than Sanskrit. The Sangam poems already distinguish landscapes with their own deities, and the god of the hills, Murugan, is the one most strongly identified as Tamil, worshipped at the six houses, the arupadai veedu, and honoured at Thaipusam with vows, carried burdens and the piercing of the body.

The bhakti movement that reshaped Hinduism began here. From roughly the sixth century the Nayanmar, sixty three saints devoted to Shiva, and the Alvars, twelve devoted to Vishnu, composed hymns in Tamil that were sung in temples and later collected as canonical scripture, so that a vernacular corpus stands beside the Sanskrit one and is used liturgically. Indira Peterson's translations of the Shaiva hymns and Norman Cutler's study of their poetics show what the movement did. It made the direct relation between a devotee and a god, expressed in the devotee's own language, the centre of religion.

The temple is the other Tamil institution. The great complexes at Chidambaram, Madurai, Srirangam and Thanjavur are towns organised around a sanctuary, with festival processions moving the deity through streets laid out for the purpose.

Shaiva Siddhanta, Jains and Buddhists, and a Diaspora

Tamil religious history is not only Hindu. Jain and Buddhist communities were substantial in the Tamil country during the first millennium, produced major literature in Tamil including the epics Silappadikaram and Manimekalai, and were then pushed to the margins in part by the bhakti movement itself, whose hymns are frequently polemical against them. A Jain presence continues in northern Tamil Nadu.

Shaiva Siddhanta developed as the philosophical school of Tamil Shaivism, working in Tamil as well as in Sanskrit, and it remains the framework of temple theology across the region and in Sri Lanka. Islam arrived early through Arab trade on the Coromandel coast, and Tamil speaking Muslim communities produced their own literature. Christianity is old here too, with the Saint Thomas tradition on the coast and later Catholic and Protestant missions.

Indenture and migration then carried Tamil religion around the world, to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji and the Caribbean. Carl Vadivella Belle's study of Thaipusam in Malaysia describes a festival at Batu Caves that draws well over a million people and has become a marker of Tamil identity in the diaspora rather than only a devotional occasion. Tamil is one of very few languages whose classical literature is still recited in the temples that commissioned it.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Tamils directly: "Paul Younger's article in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 1980, pages 493 to 517, is peer-reviewed academic scholarship."

Source A Temple Festival of MariyammanPaul Younger

This source names Tamils directly: "Aastha TV, whose name means faith in Hindi, is a Hindu devotional television network launched in 2000 by Dubai based businessman Kirit C."

Angalamman, Deities

This source names Tamils directly: "Angalamman, also called Angala Parameswari, is a fierce Tamil village goddess whose iconography and cult center on cremation grounds and the destruction of evil rather than on a benign or maternal..."

Ayyanar, Deities

This source names Tamils directly: "Ayyanar is a Tamil guardian god charged with protecting a village and its boundaries, typically stationed at the settlement's edge in a shrine flanked by large terracotta horse and elephant statues..."

The Tamils.

Classical Tamil is the literary language of the Sangam poems and the devotional hymns.

This source names Tamils directly: "Vijaya Nagarajan's Feeding a Thousand Souls, Women, Ritual, and Ecology in India, An Exploration of the Kolam, published by Oxford University Press in 2018, is a scholarly study of the kolam, the..."

Hinduism, Religions

Tamil Shaivism and the Bhakti hymns of the Alvars and Nayanars are Tamil-language Hindu traditions.

This source names Tamils directly: "Hymns for the Drowning, A."

Source Hymns for the Drowning: Poems for Vishnu by NammalvarNammalvar, translated by A. K. Ramanujan

This source names Tamils directly: "The Kamika Agama is one of the twenty eight Shaiva Siddhanta Agamas, the scriptural canon that Shaiva Siddhanta tradition holds to have been revealed by Shiva, and it is counted among the earliest..."

Source Hindu Tantric and Sakta Literature (Goudriaan and Gupta)Teun Goudriaan and Sanjukta Gupta
Kolam, Sacred Geometry

This source names Tamils directly: "The kolam is the threshold drawing of Tamil Nadu: designs in rice flour laid by women at dawn on the swept, water-sprinkled ground before the house door, grown around a grid of dots called pulli."

This source names Tamils directly: "LawBeat's report, byline Salil Tiwari, of a Madras High Court order directing Tamil Nadu's HR&CE Department to disclose the Meenakshi Amman Temple's property, revenue and encroachment details..."

This source names Tamils directly: "Paula Richman is a scholar of South Asian religious literature, and this University of California Press volume is an edited academic collection she assembled, bringing together specialists to..."

Mariamman, Deities

This source names Tamils directly: "Mariamman is the most widely worshipped village goddess of Tamil Nadu and the wider Tamil speaking world, including the Tamil diaspora of Southeast Asia, South Africa and the Caribbean."

Pattini, Deities

This source names Tamils directly: "Pattini is chief among the guardian deities of the Sinhala Buddhist pantheon of Sri Lanka, venerated for her power to cure epidemic disease and protect chastity and fertility."

Source The Cult of the Goddess Pattini (Obeyesekere)Gananath Obeyesekere

This source names Tamils directly: "Indira Viswanathan Peterson is a scholar of Tamil literature and religion, and this Princeton University Press book is her scholarly study and translation of the Tevaram, the devotional hymns of the..."

Source Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil SaintsIndira Viswanathan Peterson

This source names Tamils directly: "The Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, on an island in the Kaveri River near Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu, is the largest Hindu temple complex still in active worship anywhere, and is counted as..."

The Tamils.

This source names Tamils directly: "This bronze sculpture depicts Shiva as Nataraja, the Lord of Dance, performing the anandatandava, the dance of bliss, one of the most recognized images of Hindu sacred art and the form under which..."

This source names Tamils directly: "Deities held in common by Sinhalese Buddhist and Tamil Hindu devotees in Sri Lanka and southern India, among them Pattini, worshipped by Sinhala Buddhists as a goddess of chastity, health and..."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names Tamils directly: "Norman Cutler was a scholar of Tamil literature, and this Indiana University Press book is his scholarly literary study of the poetics of Tamil bhakti devotional hymns, covering major collections..."

This source names Tamils directly: "This copper alloy figure of Vishnu standing was cast in Tamil Nadu during the Chola period, dated by The Metropolitan Museum of Art to about the third quarter of the tenth century."

Source The Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Standing Vishnu," accession 62.265The Metropolitan Museum of Art, catalogue entry
Tamil Nadu, Regions

The Tamils.

This source names Tamils directly: "Organiser's report, byline TS Venkatesan, of the Comptroller and Auditor General's finding that Tamil Nadu's HR&CE Department withheld documents needed to audit temple asset revenue, published 11..."

This source names Tamils directly: "Carl Vadivella Belle's Thaipusam in Malaysia, A Hindu Festival in the Tamil Diaspora, published by the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore in 2017, is an academic study of the Thaipusam..."

This source names Tamils directly: "The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 1: Mythologies from Gingee to Kuruksetra, Alf Hiltebeitel's 1988 study from the University of Chicago Press, is a major scholarly account of the South Indian Draupadi..."

This source names Tamils directly: "Gananath Obeyesekere's definitive study of the Sri Lankan goddess Pattini, published by the University of Chicago Press in 1984."

Source The Cult of the Goddess Pattini (Obeyesekere)Gananath Obeyesekere

This source names Tamils directly: "Fred Clothey's The Many Faces of Murukan, Mouton, 1978, is a scholarly study."

This source names Tamils directly: "The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli, John Carman and Vasudha Narayanan's 1989 study from the University of Chicago Press, is a scholarly translation and study of a Srivaisnava..."

Source The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the TiruvaymoliJohn Carman and Vasudha Narayanan

This source names Tamils directly: "Henry Whitehead's survey of the village deities of South India, first published in 1916 and issued in a revised second edition by Oxford University Press in 1921."

Tiruvacakam, Sources

This source names Tamils directly: "The Tiruvacakam, attributed to the Tamil Shaiva saint Manikkavacakar and translated by G."

Source TiruvacakamManikkavacakar, translated by G. U. Pope

Found In

One of the peoples this grouping covers. This is not an exhaustive list of the peoples included.

Originated In

India, Countries

Tamil Nadu is a state of modern India.

The Tamil country is the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent.

Sri Lanka, Countries

Northern and eastern Sri Lanka hold long-established Tamil communities.

Related To

The Tamils speak a Dravidian language; the family name is linguistic, not ethnic.

Worship Of

Nataraja, Deities

The Nataraja image was developed in the Tamil south under the Chola dynasty and remains the most widely reproduced image of any Hindu deity.

Source Encyclopedia of HinduismDenise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (eds.)
Sources
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
2. The Dravidian Languages
Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Cambridge University Press, 2003
3. Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
Indira Viswanathan Peterson, Princeton University Press, 1989View the Source
Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion
Norman Cutler, Indiana University Press, 1987
Thaipusam in Malaysia: A Hindu Festival in the Tamil Diaspora
Carl Vadivella Belle, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore, 2017
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