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India

Also Known As Indian
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India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, and it holds pilgrimage sites, monastic lineages and philosophical schools for all four alongside a large, long established Muslim population and smaller Christian, Parsi and Jewish communities. The Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and the great epics were composed and transmitted here, mostly in Sanskrit, and temple architecture, yoga and tantric traditions, and astrological systems remain living practice rather than historical artifact. Religious identity is also a source of active political tension, including recurring communal violence and disputes over holy sites, which the atlas notes as contested rather than settled. Regional diversity is extreme: Kashmir's Sufi and Hindu heritage, Kerala's ancient Christian and Jewish communities, and Punjab's Sikh homeland each give India internal religious variety that a single national description cannot flatten.

Facts
Law and State
Establishment Status
Secular State Declared 3
The constitution declares India a secular state under the 42nd Amendment of 1976, guaranteeing freedom of religion under Articles 25 to 28; marriage, divorce and inheritance are still governed by separate religious personal laws rather than a uniform civil code.
State Funding Mechanism
India ran a direct Hajj subsidy from 1954, paid as concessionary airline fares and worth about 100 million dollars in 2013 and 75 million dollars by 2016, until Minister for Minority Affairs Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi ended it on 16 January 2018, four years ahead of a 2012 Supreme Court order that had directed its gradual phase out by 2022, redirecting the freed funds toward education for minority girls and women. State religious funding continues today through a different channel: statutory endowment boards such as Tamil Nadu's Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, overseeing more than 36,000 temples, and the state Wakf Boards administer religious trust income under government supervision rather than through direct budget subsidy. 4
Apostasy or Blasphemy Law
India criminalized religious-feelings insult, not named blasphemy, under Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code, added in 1927 after a prosecution over an anti-Muhammad tract failed to fit the narrower Section 295: it punished deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage the religious feelings of any class of citizens, by words spoken or written, signs, visible representations or otherwise, with imprisonment up to three years, a fine, or both, rising to five years if committed in a place of worship. Effective 1 July 2024 the provision was replaced by Section 299 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, which carries forward the same conduct and the same maximum penalty under India's recodified criminal law. India has no apostasy statute; conversion between religions is lawful, though several states restrict conversion procedurally under anti-conversion laws aimed at alleged inducement rather than apostasy itself. Section 295A is cognizable and non-bailable and has been invoked across the political and religious spectrum, against critics of Hinduism, Islam and Christianity alike, and courts have repeatedly narrowed its use to acts carrying genuine malicious intent rather than mere offense. 5
Registration or Recognition Regime
No national law requires a religious group to register, but a group that receives funding from outside the country must register under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, whose licenses the central government has suspended from numerous religious and charitable organizations, Christian and Muslim among them, citing violations of the act's terms. Separately, twelve of India's states have enacted their own anti-conversion laws as of 2023, generally requiring a district official's prior approval of a conversion and providing fines or imprisonment for anyone found to have induced one by force, fraud or inducement; the laws apply chiefly to conversion out of Hinduism and are administered state by state rather than nationally. 6
Ban or Official Watchlist
The US Commission on International Religious Freedom has repeatedly recommended in its annual reports that the State Department designate India a Country of Particular Concern. On 4 January 2024 the Secretary of State announced the department's Countries of Particular Concern list, renewing twelve other designations, and India was not among them; the commission called the omission unjustified and asked Congress to hold a hearing on the decision. India carries no Countries of Particular Concern or Special Watch List designation from the State Department itself. 7
Concordat BasisSourced to the subject's own account
India holds no concordat with the Holy See. An Apostolic Delegation to the East Indies existed from 1881, and Pope Pius XII raised it to a full internunciature covering all of India on 12 June 1948, shortly after independence. That upgrade formalized diplomatic representation but did not take the form of a bilateral treaty, consistent with India's own constitutional secularism, which recognizes no established religion. 8
Disputed
Legal Status
The constitution declares India a secular state (the word "secular" added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976), guaranteeing freedom of religion under Articles 25-28; marriage, divorce and inheritance are still governed by separate religious personal laws rather than a Uniform Civil Code. 3
India's constitution declares the country a secular state, the word secular itself only added to the preamble by the 42nd constitutional amendment in 1976 rather than present in the original 1950 text, and guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens under Articles 25 to 28. Separately, marriage, divorce, inheritance and related family matters continue to be governed by distinct personal laws specific to each major religious community rather than by one uniform civil code applying equally to all citizens. Whether India should adopt a single Uniform Civil Code replacing these separate religious personal laws, a possibility named in the constitution's non-binding Directive Principles since 1950 but never legislated nationally, is a long-running political and legal debate: proponents argue it would deliver legal equality regardless of religion, while opponents, concentrated among religious minority communities, argue it would override minority religious practice. The debate remains unresolved because no national government has to date enacted the uniform code the constitution's own directive principles contemplate.
Demographics
Religious Composition
About 79-80% Hindu, 14-15% Muslim (one of the largest Muslim populations in the world by absolute number), with Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain minorities (India Census 2011; Pew Research Center, Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020). 1
Government
Capital
New Delhi 2
Government Type
federal parliamentary republic 2
Sovereignty Status
Sovereign UN member state 2
Established Year
1947 2
15 August 1947 (from the UK)
Geography
Latitude
20.6 degrees north 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Longitude
79 degrees east 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Location
Location of India Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guam Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Laos Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
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The Textual Corpus of Classical India

India's classical religious literature spans an unusually long and layered textual tradition, beginning with the Rigveda and the other three Vedas, composed in Vedic Sanskrit and transmitted for centuries through exact oral memorization before being fixed in writing, a preservation method so rigorous that reciters could reconstruct a text precisely even where transmission drifted elsewhere in a lineage.

The Upanishads, composed later and appended to the Vedic corpus, shifted the tradition's center of gravity toward philosophical inquiry into the nature of self and reality, supplying much of the vocabulary later Hindu philosophical schools would debate for two thousand years. The two great epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, developed over centuries through oral and later written transmission and carry embedded religious teaching within their narrative frame, most famously the Bhagavad Gita, a philosophical dialogue set within the Mahabharata that has become one of Hinduism's most widely read texts in its own right.

The Puranas, composed later still, organized much Hindu mythology, cosmology, and sectarian devotional material, including the narratives feeding Vaishnava and Shaiva traditions, into the forms in which they are known today. Buddhism and Jainism, both native to India, produced parallel textual traditions of comparable depth, the former largely in Pali and Sanskrit and the latter chiefly in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, meaning India's classical output spans several distinct religious systems rather than one continuous line. Sikhism's Guru Granth Sahib, compiled far later in Punjabi and other regional languages, extended this textual tradition into the early modern period.

Contested Sacred Sites in Modern India

Several sites central to Indian religious life sit at the center of ongoing legal and political dispute rather than settled devotional consensus, and this record treats these disputes as attributed and contested rather than resolved. The most prominent is the site at Ayodhya, where a mosque, the Babri Masjid, stood until its demolition by a Hindu nationalist crowd in 1992, an event following decades of dispute over whether the site marked the birthplace of the deity Rama and had previously held a Hindu temple; India's Supreme Court ruled in 2019 to award the site for construction of a Hindu temple while directing that alternate land be provided for a new mosque, a decision that resolved the legal question without resolving the underlying historical and communal disagreement, which independent observers describe as still unsettled.

Kashmir carries a related but distinct layer of contested religious and political history, holding significant Sufi shrines, Hindu temple sites, and a Buddhist heritage in Ladakh, all set within a decades long territorial dispute between India and Pakistan that has shaped religious demography and access to sites on both sides of the line of control. Communal violence linked to religious identity recurs periodically in various Indian states, documented by domestic and international human rights reporting, and the country's constitutional commitment to secularism sits in active tension with religious nationalist movements that some observers describe as reshaping that commitment in practice, a characterization noted here as contested rather than adopted as settled fact. These disputes are a documented feature of religious life in contemporary India rather than a marginal footnote to it.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names India directly: "itself the only Jain tirtha outside India."

This source names India directly: "American Jains describe it as the first Jain tirtha outside India and the only Jain monastery outside the country."

Adivasi, Pantheons

Its own cited description places the Sarna complex among Adivasi peoples of eastern and central India.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "centres, a 158 bed hospital in India, the largest not for profit private healthcare system in Pakistan, and 14 million people cared for annually across the wider AKDN Health network."

Source Aga Khan Health Services (AKDN Official Agency Page)Aga Khan Development Network

This source names India directly: "at nearly one hundred locations across India."

This source names India directly: "River in present-day Maharashtra, India."

Source Ajanta Caves, Paintings (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Ajivika, Religions

This source names India directly: "ascetic religious tradition of ancient India, contemporary with the earliest generations of Buddhism and Jainism and drawn from the same wandering sramana milieu of the Ganges basin."

Source History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka EraEtienne Lamotte, translated by Sara Webb-Boin

This source names India directly: "as a leading British historian of India in his period and the book's long-standing status as a foundational English language biography of Akbar."

Source Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605Vincent A. Smith

This source names India directly: "Alberuni's India, Edward C."

Source Alberuni's IndiaAbu Rayhan al-Biruni, translated by Edward C. Sachau

The Indian west coast carries the Mappila and Konkani Muslim communities, the Parsi landing site and the basilica at Goa.

Source The Indian OceanMichael Pearson

This source names India directly: "The Archaeological Survey of India is cited here from its own institutional record as the government body responsible for archaeological research and protection of monuments across India, a role it..."

Source Archaeological Survey of India (institutional record)the holders' own account

This source names India directly: "A further appeal to the Supreme Court of India was pending as of late June 2026, which had refused to suspend the sentence."

This source names India directly: "Union of India, the lead petition filed in 2020 challenging the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, before the Supreme Court of India, is the primary litigation document confirmed as..."

This source names India directly: "the Archaeological Survey of India's survey findings at the Gyanvapi Mosque site, a currently contested and actively litigated matter in India."

Source ASI Survey Report on Gyanvapi MosqueDrishti IAS

This source names India directly: "Thapar is among the most influential historians of ancient India, and this early work established the critical, epigraphy first approach to Ashoka that later scholarship in the field has generally..."

Source Asoka and the Decline of the MauryasRomila Thapar

This source names India directly: "Melothesia in Ancient Rome and India, Tejas Aralere's 2023 dissertation in Classics, co-advised across Classics and Religious Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, confirmed..."

This source names India directly: "Bharati, Ladnun-341306, Rajasthan, India..."

Source Ayaro = Acaranga Sutra (Internet Archive)Internet Archive (digitized catalogue record)
Balinese, Pantheons

This source names India directly: "distinct from Hinduism as practised in India, and its temple festivals remain widely and publicly observed today."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "It is inscribed on the emblem of the Life Insurance Corporation of India, which is an unusually literal application of scripture."

This source names India directly: "operating fitment centres across India and holding fitment camps in dozens of countries."

Bhil, Pantheons

Its own cited description places the Bhil peoples in western India.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Bodo, Pantheons

This source names India directly: "Bodo people of Assam in northeastern India, worshipped without an image at an altar built around the sijou, a species of Euphorbia planted in the courtyard."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

India was governed by the Company until 1858 and then by the Crown, under a promise of religious non-interference and a system of personal law by community.

This source names India directly: "Emperor Ming's dream and an embassy to India, conventionally dated to 67 CE, is a later legendary elaboration rather than an independently verifiable event."

This source names India directly: "early routes: possibly directly from India as early as the third or second century BCE, and separately from China from around the first century CE onward."

Source Buddhism in Vietnam (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "Buddhist Sects in India, Nalinaksha Dutt's 1970 survey from Firma K."

Source Buddhist Sects in IndiaNalinaksha Dutt

This source names India directly: "A Press Trust of India (PTI) wire report, carried by Business Standard on 26 April 2019, on a Surat sessions court's conviction of Narayan Sai, son of the Hindu guru Asaram Bapu, in a case brought..."

This source names India directly: "West Bengal and Odisha in eastern India, also called Chal-it Parab."

This source names India directly: "and martial dance tradition of eastern India, performed in three regional styles: Seraikella in Jharkhand and Purulia in West Bengal, both danced in mask, and Mayurbhanj in Odisha, danced bare faced."

Source Chhau Dance (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "List record for Chhau dance of eastern India, inscribed 2010, consulted 2026-08-13."

Source Chhau Dance, UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of HumanityUNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

This source names India directly: "of the printed devotional image in India, centered on Ravi Varma's press and its role in the political and cultural life of the images it produced."

This source names India directly: "pilgrimage networks in Maharashtra, India."

This source names India directly: "Explanation I, of the Constitution of India, adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India in 1950, is the primary constitutional text providing that the wearing and carrying of kirpans is deemed..."

Source Constitution of India, Article 25, Explanation IConstituent Assembly of India

This source names India directly: "95 percent of all Hindus living in India."

This source names India directly: "Crime in India, the annual report of India's National Crime Records Bureau, is an official government statistical series, cited here without a single edition year since it is an ongoing annual..."

Source Crime in India, annual reportNational Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India

This source names India directly: "Contemporary reporting from India Today, one of India's largest national English language news magazines, published within weeks of the film's June 1986 Mumbai premiere, covering the objections..."

This source names India directly: "death ritual as practiced elsewhere in India needs a source addressing that different local context directly."

Source Death in BanarasJonathan P. Parry

This source names India directly: "This is the Government of India's own Press Information Bureau briefing, issued through the Ministry of Culture in 2024, on the Kapilavastu Relics, recovered by K."

Source Exposition of the Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha, The Holy Buddha Relics (Government of India)Ministry of Culture, Government of Indiathe holders' own account

This source names India directly: "material for the first time in India since the collection left the country more than a century earlier, following the relics' 2025 repatriation."

This source names India directly: "Souls, Women, Ritual, and Ecology in India, An Exploration of the Kolam, published by Oxford University Press in 2018, is a scholarly study of the kolam, the rice flour threshold designs drawn daily..."

This source names India directly: "purpose of letting Sikh pilgrims from India visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur without a visa, and United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres's visit describing it as a Corridor of Hope."

This source names India directly: "Bhaktipada), reporting his death in India at 74."

This source names India directly: "Bharat's carriage of a Press Trust of India report on the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board's Right to Information disclosure of five years of pilgrim donation and precious metal offering figures."

The river crosses the northern Indian plain, and in 2017 a state high court declared it a legal person, a ruling stayed within months.

Source Banaras: City of LightDiana L. Eck
Garo, Pantheons

This source names India directly: "the Garo of Meghalaya in northeastern India, among them Tatara Rabuga, the creator, and Misi Saljong, the sun god associated with fertility and the harvest."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "article on the gaushala movement in India, consulted 2026-08-11."

Source Gaushala (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Gond, Pantheons

Its own cited description places the religion of the Gond peoples in central India.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "Golden Temple, in Amritsar, Punjab, India, is a broadcasting practice controlled by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), the elected body that has governed Sikh gurdwaras under the..."

This source names India directly: "headquarters to Adyar, near Madras in India, where he worked to connect Theosophy with a revival of Buddhism and Hinduism, formally converting to Buddhism in Sri Lanka in 1880 and campaigning for..."

Source The Theosophical EnlightenmentJoscelyn Godwin
Hinduism, Religions

About 79 to 80% of the population is Hindu, the largest religious group by a wide margin.

Source Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020Pew Research Center

This source names India directly: "around the first century CE, adopting Indian religious and legal custom over the following centuries; by the fifth century, the ruler Kaundinya II is recorded as having changed all the kingdom's..."

Source Funan (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "Akal Takht Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab, India, the highest seat of Sikh temporal-religious (miri-piri) authority for interpreting Sikh teachings, issued an edict denouncing same-sex marriages, and..."

This source names India directly: "departed Calcutta in 1834 carrying 36 Indian labourers under a trial indenture scheme bound for Mauritius, the first of what became a system that carried more than 1.6 million Indian workers, most..."

Source Indian Indenture System (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "On 8 and 9 November 2019, India and Pakistan opened the Kartarpur Corridor, a roughly four kilometer visa-free passage linking the Dera Baba Nanak shrine in India's Punjab state to Gurdwara Darbar..."

This source names India directly: "India wants Buddha begging bowl from Kabul; ASI experts to check authenticity, an India TV news report from 2016, covers Indian interest in a bowl held in Kabul and the Archaeological Survey of..."

Indica, Sources

This source names India directly: "literature, describing a wild ass of India with a single horn."

Source IndicaCtesias of Cnidus

This source names India directly: "a leading specialist in Tibetan and Indian Buddhist studies, and this is his major scholarly survey tracing how Buddhism actually transmitted from India into Tibet, working directly from the Indian..."

This source names India directly: "schools in the United States and India from 1972, when the first US gurukula opened in Dallas, to around 1990."

Source ISKCON Abuse Cases Settled for USD 9.5 MillionThe Pluralism Project

This source names India directly: "or gurukulas, in the United States and India, alleged to have occurred between 1972, when the first US gurukula opened in Dallas, and around 1990."

Source ISKCON Abuse Cases Settled for USD 9.5 MillionThe Pluralism Project
Islam, Religions

About 14 to 15% Muslim, one of the largest Muslim populations in the world by absolute number.

Source Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020Pew Research Center

This source names India directly: "Wikipedia's article on Islam in India, community-edited."

Source Islam in India (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "founded in 1991 in Mumbai, India by Zakir Naik, devoted to comparative religious outreach and best known as the parent organization of the Peace TV satellite network."

This source names India directly: "of a larger multi volume history of India that situates Sikh history within its wider regional context rather than treating it in isolation."

Jainism, Religions

Jainism originated in and remains centered in India.

Source The JainsPaul Dundas

This source names India directly: "Reliable for the standard account that Jains first emigrated from India to Kenya in the late nineteenth century and then to Uganda, Sudan and Tanzania, and for the 1972 exodus of Asians from Uganda..."

Source Jainism In Africa (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "a longstanding gateway between India and East Africa, built the Shri Zanzibar Katcchi Jain Temple in 1905 and consecrated murtis of Parsvanath, Shantinath and Mahaveerswami there, the first Jain..."

Source Zanzibar Derasar (Jain Treasures)Jain Treasures

This source names India directly: "fieldwork among Jain communities in India, documenting lived religious practice at sites such as Palitana and Shatrunjaya and the roles Jain religious specialists actually occupy, rather than..."

This source names India directly: "Hope in 1652, the year the Dutch East India Company founded its refreshment station there."

Source Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) (South African History Online)South African History Online

This source names India directly: "Jinvani Channel is an Indian television channel launched on December 9, 2011 by Jain Telemedia Services Ltd, a subsidiary of the commercial broadcaster Sea TV Network Ltd, based in Agra, India."

This source names India directly: "of the monk Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India accompanied by the trickster figure Sun Wukong, drawing on and elaborating Buddhist, Daoist and popular religious material."

Source Journey to the WestWu Cheng'en (attributed)
Khasi, Pantheons

This source names India directly: "the Khasi of Meghalaya in northeastern India."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "1950s, and his flight into exile in India in 1959 at age twenty-three."

Source Kundun (1997 film) (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "article on Jainism's legal status in India, community edited, giving the exact legal basis for the January 2014 minority notification, Section 2(c) of the National Commission for Minorities Act..."

This source names India directly: "30 June 2026, on the Supreme Court of India issuing notice to the State of Rajasthan on Asaram's petition challenging the Rajasthan High Court's May 2026 judgment, while refusing for now to suspend..."

This source names India directly: "suit decided by the Supreme Court of India in 2019, is a primary legal source of the first order, the Court's own unanimous judgment resolving decades of litigation over the disputed site claimed by..."

Source M Siddiq v Mahant Suresh Das (Ayodhya title suit)Supreme Court of India

This source names India directly: "to half a million, the largest outside India itself."

Source British Sikhs (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "after a journey that included India."

This source names India directly: "community of Manipur, in northeastern India, performed to mark religious occasions and the major stages of an individual life."

Source Sankirtana, Ritual Singing, Drumming and Dancing of Manipur, UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of HumanityUNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

This source names India directly: "most concentrated in Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq)."

This source names India directly: "and iconographic treatise from South Indian temple-building tradition, one of the vastu-shastra texts prescribing proportion, orientation and iconographic detail for temple and house construction."

Meitei, Pantheons

This source names India directly: "people of Manipur in northeastern India."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "of the Archaeological Survey of India who led the original dig."

Source Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus CivilizationJohn Marshall

This source names India directly: "session, held in New Delhi, India, from 21 to 31 July 2024, as a transnational serial property spanning Bethlehem in the United States, Herrnhut in Germany and Gracehill in the United Kingdom..."

This source names India directly: "ascetic Nilkanth made across India between June 1792 and July 1799, before he became known to followers as Swaminarayan."

This source names India directly: "film database entry for Mystic India, listing its large-format theatrical distribution and confirming Giant Screen Films as distributor, corroborating the film's commercial theatrical release..."

This source names India directly: "Wikipedia's Mystic India article, confirming director Keith Melton, that the film was "financed and produced by BAPS Charities," the plot (Nilkanth's 12,000 km, seven year barefoot journey across..."

This source names India directly: "news release announcing that Mystic India won the Audience's Choice Prize at the 10th International Large Format Film Festival in Paris, France, direct institutional confirmation that BAPS itself..."

This source names India directly: "Buddhist monastic university in Bihar, India, maintained through Wikipedia's ordinary community editing process rather than a fixed editorial board."

Source Nalanda Mahavihara (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "in August 2026 the Supreme Court of India declined to suspend his sentence and directed the High Court to decide the appeal within three months."

This source names India directly: "Union of India, the Supreme Court of India's own 2014 judgment, recognized a third gender legal category and affirmed the constitutional rights of transgender persons in India."

Source National Legal Services Authority v. Union of IndiaSupreme Court of India

This source names India directly: "ethnographic study of the hijras of India, based on Nanda's own fieldwork and interviews documenting their social organization, religious roles and place within Indian society."

This source names India directly: "hill town of Panchgani, Maharashtra, India, founded on 1 August 1945 as a Baha'i children's hostel by the decision of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of India, Burma and Ceylon..."

Source The Baha'i World, Volume XVI (1973-1976): The History of New Era High SchoolThe Baha'i World Centre, under the supervision of the Universal House of Justice

This source names India directly: "The Indian Army assaulted the Golden Temple complex at Amritsar, Sikhism's holiest site, between 1 and 10 June 1984, aiming to remove an armed militant group that had fortified itself inside."

Source Operation Blue Star (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "Maneck's 1702 appointment as the East India Company's first broker there and the 1728 founding of the Bombay Parsi Panchayet; explicit that the earlier migration from Persia to Gujarat itself has no..."

Source Parsis (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "India's 1947 partition split the Punjab along religious lines, and the western half became part of the new state of Pakistan."

Source Sikhs In Pakistan (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Partition of India, Wars & Conflicts

India was created as the partition's Hindu-majority-successor, religiously plural successor state to British India.

Source Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (2009)Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh

This source names India directly: "Press's Murty Classical Library of India, 2015, is a scholarly translation."

Source Poems of the First Buddhist WomenTranslated by Charles Hallisey

This source names India directly: "to the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India is the British Crown's own instrument transferring rule of India from the East India Company to the Crown and stating its policy toward Indian religions."

This source names India directly: "his outlook after traveling to India with the campaign of Alexander the Great and encountering practitioners who lived without fixed dogmatic belief."

Source Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyEdward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (eds.)

This source names India directly: "foundational account of its arrival in India, preserved and transmitted within Parsi tradition itself."

Source Qissa-i SanjanBahman Kaikobad (attributed)

This source names India directly: "Games, an independent studio in Pune, India, and published by super.com."

Source Raji: An Ancient Epic (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "in the Deccan region of South India."

Source Ramanuja, accession IM.33-1936 (Victoria and Albert Museum)Victoria and Albert Museum, catalogue entry

This source names India directly: "tradition of the Braj region of North India, most active in Vrindavan and Mathura, that stages the rasa dance Krishna is said to have performed with the gopis, the cowherd women of Braj, in a circle..."

Source Raslila (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "January 2016 Centre for Policy Studies India blog post compiling the Census of India's Jain population figures for 2001 (4,225,053, 0.41 percent of the population) and 2011 (4,451,753, 0.37..."

This source names India directly: "Rizvi was a historian of Mughal India, and this book, published by Munshiram Manoharlal, is his academic study of the religious and intellectual life of Muslims during the reign of the Mughal..."

This source names India directly: "among Hindus and Muslims in India, examining how religious identity and nationalist politics have shaped each other."

This source names India directly: "Nanavati Commission of Inquiry, published by the Government of India in 2005, is the official inquiry's own findings into the 1984 anti-Sikh riots that followed Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's..."

This source names India directly: "potato and mild spices, eaten across India by Hindus observing a vrata (religious vow fast), most prominently during the nine nights of Navratri."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "and, by its own account, the first Indian satellite channel to bring social and spiritual leaders onto a single platform."

This source names India directly: "At the request of King Devanampiya Tissa, she sailed from India carrying a sapling of the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, together with eleven companion..."

Source The Mahavamsa, or the Great Chronicle of CeylonWilhelm Geiger (trans.)

This source names India directly: "June 2000 from Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, carrying spiritual discourses, bhajans, kirtans and pilgrimage-site coverage."

This source names India directly: "in 1973 near Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, by Asaram Bapu (born Ashumal Sirumalani, also known as Asha Ram), teaching a devotional blend of Vedanta and yoga emphasizing celibacy, meditation and..."

This source names India directly: "fusing European academic realism with Indian religious subject matter."

Source Wikipedia, "Raja Ravi Varma"Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "An Indian umbrella network of Hindu volunteer-service organizations founded in 1989 as the service wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), created on the birth centenary of RSS founder Keshav..."

Source Seva Bharati (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "Cast in South India, in the Tamil Nadu region, during the Chola dynasty's twelfth century, it combines in one four-armed figure Shiva's roles as creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe..."

This source names India directly: "or pilgrimage site, located outside India; for its two temples representing both the Digambara and Svetambara traditions and its status as the only Jain monastery outside India; and for the 2012..."

Source Siddhachalam (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "in 1801, and its end, the British East India Company's annexation proclaimed 30 March and completed 2 April 1849 after the Second Anglo-Sikh War; not the right source for a claim about the religious..."

Source Sikh Empire (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "travelling as part of a British Indian Army contingent for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee arrived in Vancouver aboard the Empress of India in 1897, the earliest documented Sikh presence in Canada."

Source Sikhs In Canada (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Sikhism, Religions

Sikhism originated in the Punjab region of India and remains centered there.

Source SikhismW. H. McLeod

This source names India directly: "The Wikipedia entry on Sikhism in India, giving the Sikh population recorded at the 2001 Census of India (19,215,730, or 1.87 percent of India's population) and the 2011 Census of India (20,833,116..."

Source Sikhism in India

This source names India directly: "Vancouver aboard the Empress of India in 1897 for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and for the 1914 Komagata Maru incident, in which 376 passengers were refused entry under exclusionary immigration..."

Source Sikhs In Canada (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Its own cited description places these deities among devotees in Sri Lanka and southern India.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "of ancient and early medieval India, and this Verso, originally Penguin India, book is her historiographical study of the Somnath temple, examining not just the temple's history but the competing..."

Source Somanatha: The Many Voices of a HistoryRomila Thapar

This source names India directly: "ancient Buddhist gem collection to India after legal pressure, published by The Art Newspaper in 2025, reports the halted May 2025 Sotheby's Hong Kong sale of the Piprahwa gems consigned by..."

This source names India directly: "with the Archaeological Survey of India under Alexander Cunningham in 1861."

This source names India directly: "Star of India: The Log of an Iron Ship, Jerry MacMullen's 1957 institutional history from the Maritime Museum Association of San Diego, by the San Diego waterfront reporter who led the 1926 purchase..."

Source Star of India: The Log of an Iron ShipJerry MacMullen

This source names India directly: "article on the State Emblem of India, consulted 2026-08-12."

Source State Emblem of India (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "Peace University (MIT WPU) in Pune, India, jointly organized with Zoroastrian College."

This source names India directly: "for Legal Policy that live-covers Indian Supreme Court hearings, recording that the nine-judge Constitution Bench headed by Chief Justice of India Surya Kant concluded sixteen days of hearings in..."

This source names India directly: "Union of India is the Supreme Court of India's own 2023 judgment declining to extend legal recognition to same sex marriage under existing law, a split decision delivered on 17 October 2023..."

Source Supriyo alias Supriya Chakraborty v. Union of IndiaSupreme Court of India
Tani, Pantheons

Its own cited description places the Tani peoples in Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "wanting the movement's wider all India context should pair it with broader histories of the anti-caste temple entry campaigns."

This source names India directly: "generic account of Hindu festivals in India."

This source names India directly: "communities across Delhi and other Indian cities that broke out on 31 October 1984, immediately after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards in apparent..."

Point of origin, spreading from a Delhi temple.

This source names India directly: "to government school children across India to fight hunger and encourage school attendance."

Source The Akshaya Patra Foundation (USA): Financial Statements, Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022The Akshaya Patra Foundation (USA); audited by KellyVitaleRaffol, LLC

This source names India directly: "Dioceses multiplied across British India, Africa, Australia and the Pacific through the nineteenth century, and by 1867 the communion of churches this growth had produced was substantial enough that..."

Source A History of Global AnglicanismKevin Ward

The demolition took place at Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, and the riots that followed spread to cities across India.

Source Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of InquiryJustice Manmohan Singh Liberhan (Commission of Inquiry)

This source names India directly: "popular historian of British India and its archaeology."

This source names India directly: "pilgrimage route across northern India and southern Nepal connecting the four principal sites of the Buddha's life: Lumbini, his birthplace; Bodh Gaya, where he attained enlightenment beneath the..."

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

This source names India directly: "framework of Carnatic (South Indian classical) music, formalized by the seventeenth century musicologist Venkatamakhin, organizing all possible seven-note ragas by their scale structure into 72..."

Source The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd editionStanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (eds.)

This source names India directly: "a major scholarly account of the South Indian Draupadi cult and its mythology."

This source names India directly: "Tibetan refugee monastery in exile in India, whose scheme to rent a television so the monastery can watch the 1998 FIFA World Cup final between France and Brazil tests the community's patience and..."

This source names India directly: "The Estado da India was the Portuguese colonial administration governing Goa and other Indian Ocean holdings from the early sixteenth century, operating under the Padroado real, the royal patronage..."

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

This source names India directly: "of Holi as observed in the North Indian village Marriott studied directly, reading the festival's ritualized role reversal and boundary crossing, including the temporary inversion of caste and..."

The tribunal operated at Goa, the Portuguese crown's principal colony on the west coast of India.

The Gypsies, Sources

This source names India directly: "evidence for Romani origins in India."

Source The GypsiesAngus Fraser

This source names India directly: "public, especially Jain communities in India and the UK, through education and training and through the relief of poverty, sickness and distress."

Source The Jain Network: Charity Commission Filed Accounts, Year Ended 31 March 2025The Jain Network (trustees' annual report and accounts, filed with the Charity Commission)

This source names India directly: "and continuous passage directly from India, a route that did not exist and made the requirement effectively unmeetable."

Source Sikhs In Canada (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "groups and monastic communities in India between roughly 1500 and 1900."

This source names India directly: "syllable mantra Om Mani Padme Hum in India around the middle of the first millennium CE, built around a detailed annotated precis of the Karandavyuha Sutra, the text in which the mantra first..."

This source names India directly: "draws thousands of Sikh pilgrims from India and around the world each year, most heavily around Gurpurb, the anniversary of Guru Nanak's birth."

This source names India directly: "of the Piprahwa stupa in northern India, the stone reliquary coffer, five inner reliquaries, charred bone fragments, roughly 1,800 accompanying gems, and the inscribed vase naming the Sakya clan."

Source The Piprahwa Project (Peppe family research site)Chris Peppe and others

This source names India directly: "Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet, published in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs in 1981, is a peer reviewed survey of the textual evidence for ritual and medical cannabis use..."

This source names India directly: "the Sant devotional tradition of North India, the loosely connected poet-saints, including figures such as Kabir, whose teaching emphasized a formless divine beyond caste and sectarian boundary."

Source The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of IndiaKarine Schomer and W. H. McLeod (eds.)

This source names India directly: "and two wars with the British East India Company, the empire was formally dissolved by proclamation on 30 March 1849 and annexation completed 2 April 1849, ending Sikh political sovereignty in the..."

Source Sikh Empire (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "monk Xuanzang from Chang'an to India and back, tracing the historical route stage by stage."

Source The Silk Road Journey with XuanzangSally Hovey Wriggins

This source names India directly: "the image's legendary journey through India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia and the northern Thai kingdoms, its 1434 discovery at Chiang Rai and its installation in its purpose built Bangkok temple in 1784..."

This source names India directly: "of Hellenistic Greek astrology into Indian form, with Pingree's extensive commentary tracing exactly how the transmission happened."

Source The Yavanajataka of SphujidhvajaDavid Pingree

This source names India directly: "in Mumbai, Udvada and Navsari, India; the Trust has also periodically issued emergency medical relief appeals for members of the Zoroastrian community."

Source The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe: Trustees' Annual Report and Financial Statements, Year Ended 31 March 2025The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe (Incorporated), Trustees, with an independent auditor's report by Brian Paul Limited

This source names India directly: "Society headquartered near Chennai, India, tracing its history from the society's 1875 founding in New York through Henry Steel Olcott and Helena Blavatsky's move of its headquarters to Adyar in 1882."

Source Theosophical Society Adyar (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Tibetans, Cultures

India hosts the Dalai Lama, the exile administration at Dharamsala and the refounded monasteries.

Source Tibet: A HistorySam van Schaik

This source names India directly: "stretching from the Mediterranean to India and China."

This source names India directly: "An independent Indian news feature, published 24 May 2021, used only for its plainly documented structural claims: that Sewa Bharati is the RSS's service wing and Sewa International's parent..."

This source names India directly: "of devadasis, temple dancers of South India, and how their history is remembered and contested in modern India."

This source names India directly: "as Moral Protest in Contemporary India, published by Stanford University Press in 2017, is a scholarly study examining Hindu pilgrimage, particularly to Amarnath and other sites, as a form of moral..."

Vasubandhu, Figures

This source names India directly: "was a fourth to fifth century CE Indian Buddhist scholar-monk from Purushapura (modern Peshawar) in Gandhara, the younger half-brother of Asanga and, with him, one of the two principal architects of..."

Source Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyEdward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (eds.)

This source names India directly: "1989 founded Sewa Bharati network in India and to disaster response work following the 1993 Latur earthquake, headquartered in Sugar Land, Texas with chapters across the United States."

Source Vision and Mission (Sewa International Official Page)Sewa International Inc.

This source names India directly: "Agitation, issued by the Government of India in 1984, is the government's own official account of the events surrounding Operation Blue Star and the wider Punjab crisis of that year."

Source White Paper on the Punjab AgitationGovernment of India

This source names India directly: "and community in Hyderabad, South India, based on extended fieldwork and published by the University of Chicago Press."

This source names India directly: "different regions and temples of India, and the institution as a whole became the subject of considerable colonial-era moralizing and later reform legislation, so a claim generalizing from the Puri..."

This source names India directly: "Destiny: Practicing Astrology in North India, published by the State University of New York Press in 2021 in its Hindu Studies series, is an ethnography of astrological practice in Banaras built on..."

This source names India directly: "across the UK, Canada, Georgia, India, the Netherlands, Pakistan and the United States, with objectives spanning poverty relief, education, sickness relief and the provision of burial grounds for..."

Source The World Zoroastrian Organisation Ltd: Charity Commission Filed Accounts, Year Ended 31 December 2024The World Zoroastrian Organisation Ltd (trustees' annual report and accounts, filed with the Charity Commission)

This source names India directly: "temples in China, Japan, Taiwan and India."

Source Xuanzang Temple, Nanjing (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "October 18, 1965 in Bombay (Mumbai), India, and trained originally in medicine before turning to public speaking on comparative religion."

This source names India directly: "have" the first Jain derasar outside India, with the first murtis ever consecrated outside India, Parsvanath, Shantinath and Mahaveerswami; and that those murtis were relocated to Nairobi in 1964..."

Source Zanzibar Derasar (Jain Treasures)Jain Treasures

This source names India directly: "a first foothold for Jainism outside India, moved on to Kenya."

Source Zanzibar Derasar (Jain Treasures)Jain Treasures

This source names India directly: "around him, tracing its history in India, at Rajneeshpuram in Oregon, and after Rajneesh's death."

This source names India directly: "Wikipedia's "Zoroastrianism in India" article, carrying a Census of India population table for the Parsi community: 114,890 in 1941, 91,266 in 1971, 69,601 in 2001, 57,264 in 2011, each figure..."

Source Zoroastrianism in India (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "Zarathushti Existence, with retired Indian Supreme Court Justice Rohinton F."

This source names India directly: "sailed for the west coast of India and, according to the community's own account, the Qissa-i Sanjan, landed at Sanjan on the coast of Gujarat, where a local ruler granted them refuge on condition..."

Source Parsis (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names India directly: "Zoroastrian communities in Iran and India alongside the historical and textual record, following the tradition from ancient Persia through to the living Parsi and Iranian Zoroastrian communities she..."

Contains

Ajmer, Cities
Amritsar, Cities

Amritsar is in the state of Punjab in north west India.

Delhi, Cities
Dwarka, Cities
Fatehpur Sikri, Cities

Fatehpur Sikri is in Agra district in Uttar Pradesh.

Gangotri, Sacred Sites
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Its own text: "in Madhya Pradesh, India."

Source The Symbolism of the StupaAdrian Snodgrass
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source The Sakta PithasD. C. Sircar
Kolkata, Cities

Stands on the Bay of Bengal coast in the state of Odisha, India.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Its own text: "standing in New Delhi as one of the continental Mother Temples," serving the Indian subcontinent.

Mathura, Cities

Mathura is on the Yamuna in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

Source India: A Sacred GeographyDiana L. Eck
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Patna, Cities

Patna stands on the site of ancient Pataliputra.

Rajgir, Cities

Rajgir is a town in Nalanda district in Bihar.

Source India: A Sacred GeographyDiana L. Eck
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Vaishali, Cities

Vaishali is an archaeological landscape in the Vaishali district of Bihar.

Source India: A Sacred GeographyDiana L. Eck
Valabhi, Cities

The site is in Bhavnagar district in Gujarat, beside the town of Vala.

Source The JainsPaul Dundas
Varanasi, Cities

Varanasi lies in the modern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Source Banaras: City of LightDiana L. Eck
Vrindavan, Cities
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Originated Here

The Digambara Jain observance of the ten virtues.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of World ReligionsJohn Bowker (ed.)

The robe-offering month, prescribed in the Indian monastic code.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The Tamil harvest festival of the first days of Thai.

Source The Hindu Religious YearMuriel Marion Underhill
Punjabis, Cultures
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Tamils, Cultures

Tamil Nadu is a state of modern India.

The lunar observance day of the Indian monastic calendar.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The Malayali new year kept in Kerala.

Source The Hindu Religious YearMuriel Marion Underhill

Sky Figures Read Here

Bengali, Languages

West Bengal is a state of modern India.

Spread Events Here

The Ganges plain, in the modern Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

Source History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka EraEtienne Lamotte, translated by Sara Webb-Boin

Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Source Dhammachakra Pravartan Din (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Nalanda, Vikramashila and Odantapuri, in what is now Bihar, India.

Source Nalanda Mahavihara (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Ajmer and Delhi, in India.

Source Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and BeyondCarl W. Ernst and Bruce B. Lawrence

Bombay (now Mumbai); no separate city entity exists in the graph, so this anchors to India.

Source Parsis (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Across the Indian subcontinent; the Vallabhi council itself sat in Gujarat.

Source Digambara (Encyclopaedia Britannica)The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Sources
1. Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020
Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 2025Report body, India figures
Quote, Report body, India figures
Hindus in India have a higher fertility rate than Buddhists in India.
View the Source
2. The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency)
Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence AgencyView the Source
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
4. India Ends Government Subsidies for Hajj Pilgrimage (Al Jazeera)
Al Jazeera, 2018Article body
Quote, Article body
The Indian government has announced the end of a decades-long policy of giving subsidy to thousands of Muslims heading to the holy city of Mecca to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage.
View the Source
5. Indian Kanoon: Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
Indian KanoonView the Source
6. International Religious Freedom Report
United States Department of State, Office of International Religious Freedom, US Department of State, 2023View the Source
7. USCIRF Challenges US State Department's Exclusion of India and Nigeria from Countries of Particular Concern
National Herald, National Herald, 2024View the Source
8. Holy See-India Relations (Wikipedia)
WikipediaLead section
Quote, Lead section
Formal bilateral relations between the two exist since 12 June 1948. The Holy See has a nunciature in New Delhi while India has accredited its embassy in Vienna, Austria to the Holy See as well.
View the Source
Sikhism
W. H. McLeod, Penguin Books, 1997View the Source
The Jains
Paul Dundas, Routledge, 2002View the Source
The Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition
Oxford University Press, Oxford University Pressdemonym / adjectival formView the Source
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