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Persia

Also Known As Persian
The Near East and Egypt

The Iranian plateau and its surrounds, corresponding broadly to modern Iran. Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and the Bahai Faith are placed here. The region spans some three thousand years and three quite different situations: Zoroastrianism, whose largest community is now the Parsis of India after centuries of migration; Manichaeism, which began here and reached both the Roman world and China before dying out; and the Bahai Faith, which began in nineteenth-century Persia, is now worldwide, and whose adherents in Iran have faced sustained persecution.

Facts
Geography
Latitude
32.4 degrees north 1
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a large or historical region has no formal center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a precise boundary claim.
Longitude
53.7 degrees east 1
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a large or historical region has no formal center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a precise boundary claim.
Modern Area
Iran 1
Traditions
Principal Religious Traditions
Manichaeism 2
Principal Religious Traditions
Shia Islam 2
Principal Religious Traditions
Zoroastrianism 2
Sacred and Liturgical Languages
Avestan, Middle Persian (Pahlavi), and Arabic 3
Learn More
The Prophet, the Light and Dark, and Three Religions

The Iranian plateau, Persia, gave the world one of its most influential religions and served as the birthplace of two more, spanning three thousand years. The oldest is Zoroastrianism, the faith of the prophet Zarathustra (Zoroaster), among the earliest of the ethical and (in a qualified sense) monotheistic religions: it centres on the supreme good creator Ahura Mazda, opposed by the destructive spirit Angra Mainyu, and on a cosmic and moral struggle between truth and falsehood in which every person must choose and in which good is destined finally to triumph, at a last judgement and renovation of the world. Zoroastrian ideas about heaven and hell, angels and demons, a coming savior, resurrection, and final judgement deeply influenced Judaism during the Persian period and, through it, Christianity and Islam.

From the same ground came Manichaeism, the third-century prophet Mani's radically dualist religion of light and dark that spread from Rome to China, and, in the nineteenth century, the Baha'i Faith, founded in Persia by Baha'u'llah as a universalist religion teaching the unity of God, of religion, and of humankind, for which its followers have faced severe persecution in their homeland. Persia thus stands as the source of a dualist-ethical vision of the cosmos that shaped the whole Western religious imagination, and as a continuing wellspring of prophetic religion.

Transmission Through a Community That Nearly Ended

The Avesta, the Zoroastrian scripture, is preserved in a language that had no other literature and no living speakers by the time it was written down. It was carried orally by priests for a very long period, committed to writing comparatively late, and the manuscripts that survive descend from a small number of copies made after the tradition had already suffered heavy losses. Large portions of what the tradition itself remembered as scripture are gone, known only from summaries of their contents.

The community that carried it shrank drastically after the Arab conquest, and a significant part of it migrated to western India, where the Parsis preserved manuscripts and liturgy in circumstances quite different from those of the Iranian remnant. Modern scholarship depends on both branches, and where they differ the difference is itself evidence.

Outside the tradition, Greek writers reported on the magi from the fifth century BC onward, and their reports gave Europe both the word magic and a persistent image of Persian wisdom that owes as much to Greek expectations as to Iranian practice.

The twentieth century added an entirely unexpected source. Manichaean texts in several languages were recovered from the Turfan oasis and from Egypt, giving the first direct access to a religion previously known almost entirely through the polemics of its opponents, Augustine among them. It is the clearest case in this atlas of a tradition's own voice being restored by excavation.

Persia
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Connections

Associated With

This source names Persia directly: "execution of his closest disciples in Persia, ending the faith's status as a tolerated royal project in its own homeland."

Source Manichaeism (New Catholic Encyclopedia, via Encyclopedia.com)J. Ries

This source names Persia directly: "empire, treating it as a subversive Persian sect at a time of open war between Rome and Persia, a suspicion of foreign loyalty layered on top of the same charge of heresy that had already ended..."

Source Manichaeism (New Catholic Encyclopedia, via Encyclopedia.com)J. Ries

This source names Persia directly: "Returning to Persia, he won the protection of the Sasanian king Shapur I around 241 to 242, a patronage that lasted roughly three decades and let Mani's teaching, a dualist faith holding light and..."

Source Manichaeism (New Catholic Encyclopedia, via Encyclopedia.com)J. Ries

This source names Persia directly: "his plot against the Jewish people of Persia was exposed to King Ahasuerus."

Source Roundel with the Hanging of Haman, accession 32.24.40 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)

The Sasanian state made Zoroastrianism the religion of Persia in a way no earlier Persian empire had.

Source Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and PracticesMary Boyce

This source names Persia directly: "Sasanian dynasty made Zoroastrianism Persia's state religion in 224, already recorded here, and three hundred seventy one years before the Arab conquest ended Zoroastrian rule in Persia beginning in..."

Source Ka'ba-ye Zardosht (Encyclopaedia Iranica)Gerd Gropp

This source names Persia directly: "the Faith from a community centered on Persia and the Ottoman Levant into a religion established on every continent."

Source The Life and Work of Shoghi Effendi (Baha'i Reference Library)

This source names Persia directly: "to 23 May 1844 in Shiraz, then part of Persia and in present day Iran: when the young cleric Mulla Husayn came seeking a teacher, the Bab declared himself the bearer of new divine revelation, and..."

Source The Bab (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Persia directly: "in his home in Shiraz, then part of Persia and in present day Iran, a young merchant named Siyyid Ali-Muhammad declared himself the Bab, the bearer of a new divine revelation, to a visiting cleric..."

Source The Bab (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Persia directly: "the 1844 declaration of the Bab in Persia and the founding of the Baha'i Faith."

Source The Gate's Own Site and Letterboxd Records

This source names Persia directly: "the Bab's 1844 declaration in Persia and "the foundations of a new faith tradition," narrated by Yaani King Mondschein, featuring Dr."

Source The Gate's Own Site and Letterboxd Records

This source names Persia directly: "after Bahram I ended the faith's Persian patronage, the Uyghur ruler accepted Manichaeism as the official religion of his Central Asian empire in 762 CE, after meeting Manichaean priests during a..."

Source Manichaeism (New Catholic Encyclopedia, via Encyclopedia.com)J. Ries

Attested Here

Avestan, Languages

Avestan is documented in use as a written language in Persia. The claim is where the language is documented in use as a written, literary or liturgical language. It is not a claim about the full extent of its speakers, and it is not a claim about where the language originated.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)
Dog, Animals & Totems

Zoroastrian law gives the dog a status close to the human one, and the sagdid, the gaze of the dog, is required at a death.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Giants, Monsters and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and MythCarol Rose

Middle Persian is documented in use as a written language in Persia. Middle Persian, in its Book Pahlavi form, carries the bulk of the surviving Zoroastrian commentary literature. The claim is where the language is documented in use as a written, literary or liturgical language. It is not a claim about the full extent of its speakers, and it is not a claim about where the language originated.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

Old Avestan (Gathic) is documented in use as a written language in Persia. The claim is where the language is documented in use as a written, literary or liturgical language. It is not a claim about the full extent of its speakers, and it is not a claim about where the language originated.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel of the Yazidis, and the peacock throne of the shahs.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

The roc is an Arabic and Persian traveller's marvel rather than a cult figure, carried in the wonder literature of both languages about the edges of the known world.

Source The Thousand and One Nights (Alf Layla wa-Layla)Anonymous (multiple compilers)

The cock of Zoroastrian tradition, whose crowing drives off the demons of the night.

Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Younger Avestan is documented in use as a written language in Persia. The claim is where the language is documented in use as a written, literary or liturgical language. It is not a claim about the full extent of its speakers, and it is not a claim about where the language originated.

Source The World's Writing SystemsPeter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.)

Contains

Nishapur, Cities

Nishapur lies in Khurasan, in the Persian world.

The pit was in Tehran.

Modern Area

Iran, Countries

Persia corresponds to modern Iran.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Originated Here

Source A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baha'i FaithPeter Smith
Girih, Sacred Geometry
Source Decagonal and Quasi-Crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic ArchitecturePeter J. Lu and Paul J. Steinhardt
Persians, Cultures
Source The Zend-Avesta, Part III: the Yasna, Visparad, Afrinagan, Gahs (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 31)L. H. Mills

Plants Native Here

Syrian Rue, Plants
Source Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle Eastern FolkloreDavid Stophlet Flattery and Martin Schwartz

Plants Used in Ritual Here

Ephedra, Plants
Source Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle Eastern FolkloreDavid Stophlet Flattery and Martin Schwartz
Frankincense, Plants
Source A Modern HerbalMaud Grieve
Saffron, Plants
Source A Modern HerbalMaud Grieve
Syrian Rue, Plants
Source Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle Eastern FolkloreDavid Stophlet Flattery and Martin Schwartz

Principal Tradition Of

Manichaeism, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)

Societies Attested Here

Spread Events Here

Arbela in Adiabene and the Sasanian capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon, mapped to the wider Persia region as the closer historical match to the Sasanian Empire than the modern country of Iran.

Source The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian ChristianityChristoph Baumer
Sources
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024s.v. regional geographyView the Source
2. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005The geography of religions
Quote, The geography of religions
General reference for the extent of each region and for the traditions placed within it.
View the Source
3. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
John Bowker (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1997Persian religion: Zoroastrianism and afterView the Source
The Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition
Oxford University Press, Oxford University Pressdemonym / adjectival formView the Source
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