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Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edition

This is a multi volume reference now in its second edition, substantially revised and expanded from the 1972 original rather than reprinted unchanged, covering biblical and rabbinic literature, halakha, biography, communities, Israel and the Holocaust from antiquity to the present across denominations from Orthodox to Reform. That a full second edition was undertaken decades after the first, rather than a simple reissue, is itself part of its track record. This record has not independently traced every specific revision made between editions. It is a strong source for established historical, textual and biographical facts about Judaism and Jewish civilization broadly. Because it spans every denomination, a claim specific to one movement's own current practice is better confirmed against that movement's own statement rather than this general reference alone.

Facts
Assessment
Reliability Tier
1
A standard multi volume scholarly reference on Judaism and Jewish history from an academic reference press, spanning biblical and rabbinic literature to the present across Jewish denominations.
Notes
Standard multi-volume scholarly reference on Judaism and Jewish history, covering biblical and rabbinic literature, halakha, biography, communities, Israel and the Holocaust, from antiquity to the present. Broad Jewish-studies scope across denominations from Orthodox to Reform. Use for established historical, textual and biographical facts about Judaism and Jewish civilization.
Citation
Author
Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Publisher
Macmillan Reference USA
Publication Year
2007
URL
https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17207326M/Encyclopaedia_Judaica
Source Type
reference
Connections

Associated With

Israel, Countries

This source names Israel directly: "halakha, biography, communities, Israel and the Holocaust from antiquity to the present across denominations from Orthodox to Reform."

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Claims Backed By This Source (3,659 claims)

This source backs 3,659 claims across the atlas. As facts: 2,557 well-attested, 28 scholarly debate, 15 open question. As cited relationships: 519 holds, 63 connected, 9 critiqued Here, 16 rejected Here, 7 held Differently. Plus 445 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.

Disposition By Topic

  • Articles, 788 claims: 681 well-attested, 2 holds, 39 connected, 66 general references.
  • Rituals, 428 claims: 310 well-attested, 76 holds, 42 general references.
  • Historical Figures, 245 claims: 186 well-attested, 2 scholarly debate, 10 open question, 32 holds, 15 general references.
  • Figures, 208 claims: 146 well-attested, 9 scholarly debate, 22 holds, 31 general references.
  • Denominations, 191 claims: 104 well-attested, 45 holds, 4 connected, 4 critiqued Here, 16 rejected Here, 6 held Differently, 12 general references.
  • Sacred Objects & Ritual Items, 173 claims: 101 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 44 holds, 27 general references.
  • Hebrew Months, 140 claims: 98 well-attested, 4 open question, 25 holds, 13 general references.
  • Scriptures & Texts, 131 claims: 58 well-attested, 57 holds, 4 critiqued Here, 12 general references.
  • Practices, 126 claims: 104 well-attested, 2 holds, 20 general references.
  • Observance Rules, 124 claims: 83 well-attested, 11 holds, 15 connected, 15 general references.
  • Sacred Sites, 116 claims: 85 well-attested, 19 holds, 12 general references.
  • Holidays & Festivals, 102 claims: 82 well-attested, 6 holds, 14 general references.
  • Doctrines, 79 claims: 39 well-attested, 3 scholarly debate, 20 holds, 1 critiqued Here, 1 held Differently, 15 general references.
  • Beliefs & Restrictions, 75 claims: 56 well-attested, 19 general references.
  • Angelic Choirs, 70 claims: 61 well-attested, 9 general references.
  • Religious Roles & Titles, 67 claims: 28 well-attested, 32 holds, 7 general references.
  • Open Questions, 54 claims: 38 well-attested, 3 holds, 5 connected, 8 general references.
  • Religious Events, 51 claims: 29 well-attested, 5 scholarly debate, 1 open question, 11 holds, 5 general references.
  • Hymns & Liturgical Texts, 47 claims: 36 well-attested, 3 holds, 8 general references.
  • Religious Dress & Vestments, 45 claims: 26 well-attested, 10 holds, 9 general references.
  • Religious Offices, 44 claims: 4 well-attested, 32 holds, 8 general references.
  • Artifacts & Relics, 38 claims: 12 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 17 holds, 8 general references.
  • Sacred Architecture, 36 claims: 24 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 6 holds, 5 general references.
  • Mantras, 33 claims: 26 well-attested, 3 holds, 4 general references.
  • Other Writings, 31 claims: 16 well-attested, 13 holds, 2 general references.
  • Pilgrimage Routes, 22 claims: 18 well-attested, 1 holds, 3 general references.
  • Performance Works, 20 claims: 16 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 2 holds, 1 general references.
  • Numbers, 19 claims: 19 general references.
  • Religious Organization & Structure, 19 claims: 10 well-attested, 2 holds, 7 general references.
  • Subcategories, 17 claims: 13 well-attested, 4 general references.
  • Councils and Synods, 13 claims: 8 well-attested, 3 holds, 2 general references.
  • Sacred Sound, 13 claims: 11 well-attested, 2 general references.
  • Prayers, 10 claims: 4 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 4 holds, 1 general references.
  • Sources, 9 claims: 8 well-attested, 1 holds.
  • Calendars, 7 claims: 6 well-attested, 1 general references.
  • Myths & Sacred Narratives, 7 claims: 3 well-attested, 2 scholarly debate, 2 general references.
  • Spread Events, 7 claims: 3 well-attested, 2 holds, 2 general references.
  • Cities, 6 claims: 2 well-attested, 3 holds, 1 general references.
  • Creeds & Confessions, 6 claims: 4 well-attested, 2 general references.
  • Sacred Foods, 6 claims: 3 well-attested, 2 holds, 1 general references.
  • Categories, 5 claims: 4 well-attested, 1 general references.
  • Days of the Week, 4 claims: 1 well-attested, 2 holds, 1 general references.
  • Realms, 4 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 1 general references.
  • Textual Witnesses, 4 claims: 3 well-attested, 1 general references.
  • Deities, 3 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 general references.
  • Esoteric Texts, 3 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 general references.
  • Religions, 3 claims: 3 holds.
  • Religious Symbols, 3 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 general references.
  • Animals & Totems, 2 claims: 1 scholarly debate, 1 general references.
  • Languages, 2 claims: 2 general references.
  • Organizations, 2 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 general references.
  • Religious Orders, 1 claims: 1 holds.

Well-attested

2,557

Articles

A Legal Fiction with a Modern Second LifeA Legal Mechanism That Runs Alongside the SearchA Meal Built to Be QuestionedA Medieval Prayer for a Private List of NamesA Medieval Rite, a Twentieth Century AdditionA Messiah Acclaimed and DefeatedA Middle PathA Minor Festival, PromotedA Minority Order for the Verses Inside Tefillin Still Carries His NameA Modern Argument Over Whether the Mourning Should ContinueA Movement Questioned From Both DirectionsA Name of God Used as a RankA Naturalist Idea of GodA New Year in the Seventh MonthA Night Awake, and a Book of LoyaltyA Parallel Invention: The Hebrew SchoolA Parting from Rabbinic JudaismA Pastry Against HamanA Path the Tradition Discourages and RequiresA Philosopher Argues Under a Church-Staged SpotlightA Philosopher Turns Aristotle's Own Tools Against HimA Pilgrimage Interrupted for Most of a CenturyA Plate That Arranges an Argument in FoodA Practice Older Than Rabbinic Judaism, and a Modern Health DisputeA Prayer of Forty-Two WordsA Priesthood Under Pressure in a New SettingA Private Family Memoir Waits Two Centuries to Reach PrintA Private Practice Sustained Across GenerationsA Queen, a Plot, and a ReversalA Rebbe Who Named No SuccessorA Rebuilder Works On After His Own Son Is KilledA Reclusive Scholar Becomes the Face of Opposition to HasidismA Rite Almost Never PerformedA Ritual Term That Became a Named RebelA Royal Metaphor Older Than the Psalm That Made It FamousA Royally Compelled Debate Tests a Free Speech GuaranteeA Sanctuary in TimeA Simple Latecomer Beside an Older, Longer PrayerA Skullcap That Has Become a Precise Political SignalA Story Without God's NameA Student of Maimonides Pushes Past His TeacherA System of Approach, Not of KillingA System of SeparationsA Talmudic Text, and a Week That Follows ItA Tax Deadline the Kabbalists Turned Into a Ritual MealA Teacher's Crisis Sends a Scholar to ToledoA Third Position, Held in Stringent DoubtA Tradition That Became a MovementA Vintner Who Became the Standard CommentaryA Widow Runs a Trading House and Writes the Earliest Known Memoir by a Jewish Woman

Showing 51 to 100 of 823 entities carrying this claim.

Scholarly debate

28

Animals & Totems

Unicorn

Artifacts & Relics

Tablets of the Law

Doctrines

Brain Death in Jewish LawChosennessTorah min HaShamayim

Figures

EstherHerod the GreatHezekiahIsaiahJezebelJosiah

Historical Figures

Abraham AbulafiaBruriah

Myths & Sacred Narratives

LilithThe Creation in Six Days

Performance Works

Purim Spiel

Prayers

Yizkor

Realms

The Garden of Eden

Religious Events

The Babylonian ExileThe Deliverance in the Book of EstherThe Expulsion of the Jews from Spain

Sacred Architecture

Mechitza

Sacred Objects & Ritual Items

Rimonim, the Torah Finials

Open question

15

Hebrew Months

KislevShevatTammuzTevet

Historical Figures

Bahya ibn PaqudaBruriahMoses CordoveroRabban Shimon ben Gamliel IRabban Shimon ben Gamliel II

Religious Events

The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain

Holds

519

Articles

A Group Defined by What Each Manuscript SettlesFive Codes for How to Live, Not What to Believe

Artifacts & Relics

Ark of the CovenantLeningrad CodexSecond Temple MenorahStaff of Moses (Topkapi Palace)Tablets of the Law

Cities

PittsburghZoar (Bela)

Councils and Synods

The Council of JamniaThe Great Assembly

Days of the Week

Saturday

Deities

God (Abrahamic)

Denominations

Breslov HasidismChabad-LubavitchConservative JudaismHaredi JudaismHasidic JudaismKaraite JudaismModern Orthodox JudaismOrthodox JudaismReconstructionist JudaismReform Judaism

Doctrines

ChosennessExcommunicationHalakhaMessiahResurrectionTorah min HaShamayim

Esoteric Texts

Tanya

Figures

Akiva ben JosephElishaEstherHerod the GreatHezekiahJosiahLotLouis IX of FranceMosesSamaelSolomon

Hebrew Months

AdarAdar IIAvCheshvanElulIyarKislevNisanShevat

Showing 1 to 50 of 214 entities carrying this claim.

Connected

63

Articles

A Banking Fortune Becomes an Escape Network for Jews Fleeing the InquisitionA Boycott of a Papal Port Turns Jewish Communities' Economic Power Into a WeaponA Cross Tradition Synthesis Becomes a Devotional ClassicA Debated Record, and a Prayer Rewritten From Vengeance to RepentanceA Demand for Inward Truth Draws Scholars, Not CrowdsA Disciple of the Maggid Becomes Berditchev's RabbiA Four-Part Code Becomes Its Own Successor's SkeletonA Grandson Builds a Method Out of His Grandfather's Own CommentaryA Judge Diagnoses a Gap the Law Left UnaddressedA Lawgiver's Nightly Visions Kept Apart from His LawA Leading Codifier Never Held the Office His Work DefinedA Minority Order for the Verses Inside Tefillin Still Carries His NameA Movement Questioned From Both DirectionsA Philosopher Argues Under a Church-Staged SpotlightA Philosopher Turns Aristotle's Own Tools Against HimA Priesthood Under Pressure in a New SettingA Private Family Memoir Waits Two Centuries to Reach PrintA Rebuilder Works On After His Own Son Is KilledA Reclusive Scholar Becomes the Face of Opposition to HasidismA Royally Compelled Debate Tests a Free Speech GuaranteeA Student of Maimonides Pushes Past His TeacherA Teacher's Crisis Sends a Scholar to ToledoA Vintner Who Became the Standard CommentaryA Widow Runs a Trading House and Writes the Earliest Known Memoir by a Jewish WomanAn Edited Talmud Text Founds a Center of LearningAn Egyptian Outsider Becomes Head of a Babylonian AcademyAn Instrument for the Stars Outlives Its Own PhilosophyFrom One Congregation to an International MovementMaking the Hebrew Bible Legible to Arabic Speaking Jewish CommunitiesOne of Two Women Whose Legal Rulings the Talmud Records by NameOrdinances, Not Commentary, Build Ashkenazi LawPrayers Written as a Defense Attorney's Case for IsraelPressure After a Public Debate Sends a Rabbi to Rebuild JerusalemStudents Carry a Reclusive Scholar's Influence to Jerusalem After His DeathThe Tosafists, and What the Text Still Owes HimThirteen Principles Are Narrowed Down to ThreeTwo Decades Led From a Room Nobody Fully ExplainsTwo Digests Outlast the Arguments They CompressedTwo Legal Traditions Bound into One Shared Code

Denominations

Modern Orthodox JudaismOrthodox Judaism

Observance Rules

Hanukkah, 25 KislevLag BaOmer, 18 IyarPassover (Pesach), 15 NisanPurim, 14 AdarPurim, 14 Adar IIRosh Hashanah, 1 TishreiShavuot, 6 SivanShemini Atzeret, 22 TishreiSimchat Torah, 22 Tishrei

Showing 1 to 50 of 58 entities carrying this claim.

Critiqued Here

9

Denominations

Humanistic JudaismOrthodox JudaismReform Judaism

Doctrines

Halakha

Scriptures & Texts

MidrashMishnahOral TorahTalmud

Rejected Here

16

Denominations

Humanistic JudaismKaraite JudaismReform Judaism

Held Differently

7

Denominations

Beta IsraelConservative JudaismReconstructionist Judaism

Doctrines

Torah min HaShamayim

General References

445

Angelic Choirs

AralimAuphanimBeni ElohimChashmalimElohimIshimKerubimMalachimSeraphim

Animals & Totems

Unicorn

Articles

A Banking Fortune Becomes an Escape Network for Jews Fleeing the InquisitionA Boycott of a Papal Port Turns Jewish Communities' Economic Power Into a WeaponA Cross Tradition Synthesis Becomes a Devotional ClassicA Cycle Finished and Restarted in the Same ReadingA Debated Record, and a Prayer Rewritten From Vengeance to RepentanceA Demand for Inward Truth Draws Scholars, Not CrowdsA Disciple of the Maggid Becomes Berditchev's RabbiA Fast the Torah Commands Before It Says What the Day MeansA Festival the Hebrew Bible Never MentionsA Four-Part Code Becomes Its Own Successor's SkeletonA Grandson Builds a Method Out of His Grandfather's Own CommentaryA Group Defined by What Each Manuscript SettlesA Harvest Festival Reread as a Memory of the WildernessA Harvest Festival the Torah Names but the Rabbis DatedA Judge Diagnoses a Gap the Law Left UnaddressedA Lawgiver's Nightly Visions Kept Apart from His LawA Leading Codifier Never Held the Office His Work DefinedA Minority Order for the Verses Inside Tefillin Still Carries His NameA Movement Questioned From Both DirectionsA Parallel Invention: The Hebrew SchoolA Philosopher Argues Under a Church-Staged SpotlightA Philosopher Turns Aristotle's Own Tools Against HimA Priesthood Under Pressure in a New SettingA Private Family Memoir Waits Two Centuries to Reach PrintA Rebuilder Works On After His Own Son Is KilledA Reclusive Scholar Becomes the Face of Opposition to HasidismA Royally Compelled Debate Tests a Free Speech GuaranteeA Student of Maimonides Pushes Past His TeacherA Tax Deadline the Kabbalists Turned Into a Ritual MealA Teacher's Crisis Sends a Scholar to ToledoA Vintner Who Became the Standard CommentaryA Widow Runs a Trading House and Writes the Earliest Known Memoir by a Jewish WomanAn Ancient Vineyard Dance Reborn as a Modern Valentine's DayAn Edited Talmud Text Founds a Center of LearningAn Egyptian Outsider Becomes Head of a Babylonian AcademyAn Instrument for the Stars Outlives Its Own PhilosophyAn Outward Mission to Every Jew, Whatever Their ObservanceContemplation Through Three Intellectual FacultiesFive Codes for How to Live, Not What to BelieveFrom One Congregation to an International Movement

Showing 1 to 50 of 436 entities carrying this claim.

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