Islam

Ash'ari kalam, the dominant school of Sunni theology, holds occasionalism as a defense of unlimited divine power, developed influentially by Al-Ghazali.

This edge names tradition membership rather than a contested claim in its own right. Rachel's Tomb's own tradition fact already records it as Jewish and Islamic, in full.

One building, divided since 1994, entered separately as a synagogue and as a mosque under military control.

The Damascus killings were carried out by a local Muslim mob, joined by some irregular fighters, and scholarship including Rogan's holds the Ottoman provincial governor, himself Muslim, responsible for failing to prevent or halt the violence; an international commission of inquiry and the Ottoman government's own later executions of implicated officials treated it as a grave crime rather than a legitimate religious act. This edge names the perpetrating mob's and the failing officials' religious identity as the historical sources give it; it is not an assertion that Islam as a religion caused the massacre, and mainstream Ottoman Islamic authority itself punished those responsible.

The island's Muslim Moor trading community was the target of the rioting and the property destruction that ran through the summer of 1915.

Muslim residents of Ahmedabad were the overwhelming majority of those killed and dispossessed in the riots, per Kumar's study and the Reddy Commission's own findings.

Muslim residents of Ahmedabad and other Gujarat cities and towns were the overwhelming majority of those killed, displaced and dispossessed in the violence.

The formative centuries of Islamic law, theology and science fall under Abbasid rule, and Baghdad was their working centre.

Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school predominates, with a Shia Hazara minority; about 99% Muslim overall.

The tradition's liturgical, scriptural or ancestral language belongs to this family.

The largest affiliation at about 57 per cent, making Albania the only European country with a Muslim majority; Tirana has been the world headquarters of the Bektashi order since 1925.

About 99 per cent Sunni Maliki, with a distinct Ibadi community among the Mozabite Berbers of the Mzab valley.

Founded the Mouridiyya, one of the great Sufi orders of West Africa, teaching a pacifist path of work and devotion under colonial rule.

A tradition held by peoples inside this grouping. The grouping is not itself a religious body.

The Amman Message, endorsed in the city in July 2005, set out three points on the boundaries of Islam.

Arab traders carried Islam to the Malabar and Konkan coasts centuries before any Muslim army reached southern India.

Islam arose among the Arabs and made Arabic its liturgical language.

The Archaeological Survey of India's collections include Islamic era inscriptions.

About 96 per cent of the population, with a Shia majority inherited from Safavid rule and a substantial Sunni minority.

The state religion, with a Shia majority among citizens under a Sunni ruling family, a configuration central to the politics of 2011 and after.

About 91 per cent of the population, Sunni of the Hanafi school, spread historically through Sufi teachers rather than conquest.

About 7 per cent of the population, of Moroccan and Turkish origin and concentrated in Brussels and the industrial cities; a state funded recognised faith since 1974.

Eastern Bengal has a Muslim majority shaped by centuries of Sufi preaching.

Muslim personal law was codified separately under the same administration.

A large Muslim community alongside Vodun and Christianity.

About 51 per cent of the population, present since Ottoman rule from 1463, with Naqshbandi and Mevlevi tekkes and a distinctive urban endowment culture.

Roughly a tenth of the population, comprising ethnic Turks and Bulgarian speaking Pomaks, subjected to a forced renaming campaign in the 1980s.

About 63 per cent of the population, mostly Sunni Maliki with strong Tijaniyya influence, under severe pressure from jihadist violence since 2015.

A small minority, concentrated in Bujumbura and the trading towns along the historic caravan routes.

The Mingana Collection includes the two parchment leaves of a Quran radiocarbon dated in 2015 to between 568 and 645 CE.

About 20 per cent of the population, concentrated in the north where Fulani emirates established after the Sokoto jihad still structure authority.

The Seleka coalition that launched the war was drawn overwhelmingly from the country's Muslim minority.

Bukhara and Samarkand became centres of Islamic learning after the Arab conquests.

Classical Arabic is the canon language of Islam, the language of the Qur'an and of the five daily prayers regardless of a worshipper's native tongue.

The Turkish Cypriot community is Sunni Muslim, and the Hala Sultan Tekke at Larnaca is a major regional shrine.

The house holds the parchments recovered from the roof of the Great Mosque of Sana'a, including the palimpsest that is the only substantial witness to a Quranic text beside the standard one.

The Quran retells the destruction of the cities of the plain in the account of Lut, naming their ruins as a sign for those who pass by.

The Bahmani kingdom and the Deccan sultanates brought Persianate Islam to the plateau.

Alongside Timbuktu, Djenne was a major center of Islamic scholarship, home to Quranic schools, in the Mali and later Songhai empires.

East Africa carries a long Swahili coast history of Islam carried by Indian Ocean trade.

About 90% Sunni Muslim.

The Egyptian state body responsible for administering waqf, Islamic religious endowments, and overseeing the country's mosques.

About 32 to 34% Muslim, mostly Sunni.

Reads the classical schools of Islamic fiqh against the conditions of Muslims living as minorities in Europe.

The Ottoman sultan caliph proclaimed jihad in November 1914, and the war's outcome ended in the abolition of the caliphate in 1924.

Became capital of the Songhai Empire after the ruler Kossoi converted to Islam around 1010 and undertook the hajj.

About 11 per cent of the population, among the Georgian speaking community of Adjara and the Azeri community of Kvemo Kartli.

About 18 per cent of the population, concentrated in the northern regions.

Green carries a settled positive association in Islam, tied to paradise and to the Prophet, and appears widely on flags, mosque furnishing and bindings. The European medieval reading of green as unstable and unlucky ran in the opposite direction over the same centuries.

The West African packet holds a written Quranic verse or other words of power, so the object belongs to West African Islamic practice before it belongs to anything in Louisiana, where the word later became a general term for a conjure charm.

Her running between Safa and Marwa is retraced by every pilgrim on the hajj as the sa'i.

Al-Andalus ruled much of the peninsula for centuries and made Cordoba a centre of learning.

About 14 to 15% Muslim, one of the largest Muslim populations in the world by absolute number.

Muslim merchant communities ran from Mogadishu to Malacca by the thirteenth century, and conversion proceeded through trade and marriage rather than armies.

About 87% Muslim, overwhelmingly Sunni; the world's largest Muslim population.

About 90 to 95% Twelver Shia Muslim, the historical heartland of Zoroastrianism before Islam.

About 55 to 60% Shia Muslim and 35 to 40% Sunni Muslim.

The group claims Islamic legitimacy for itself; mainstream Sunni and Shia scholarship rejects the claim.

About 18% of the population is Muslim.

About 42 per cent of the population, concentrated in the northern regions.

About 95 to 97% Sunni Muslim.

The demonstration that was hijacked into rioting began as a Muslim protest against the newspaper article.

Kaduna's Muslim community, whose youths responded to the Christian protest with violence, and whose adoption of Sharia criminal law was the proposal at issue.

About 70 per cent of the population, Sunni of the Hanafi school, spread through Sufi networks including the Yasawi order at Turkistan.

Its walled old town grew into one of Central Asia's most complete surviving assemblages of Islamic mosques, madrasas and mausolea.

The earliest surviving Quran manuscripts are written in Kufic.

Islam is the religion of the state under the 1962 constitution, with a Sunni majority and a Shia minority of roughly a quarter to a third among citizens.

The Kyrgyz have been Muslim for centuries, and the Islamic vocabulary of the language came through Chagatai from Arabic and Persian.

Lebanon's Sunni and Shia Muslim communities were principal parties to the war, but the war was fought across, not by, one tradition.

No census since 1932; widely used estimates place the population at roughly 60 to 65% Muslim, split closely between Sunni and Shia.

About 97 per cent Sunni Maliki; the Sanusiyya Sufi order led resistance to Italian rule and supplied the monarchy of 1951 to 1969.

A long established minority on the northwest coast, arriving through Comorian and Indian Ocean trade.

About 14 per cent at the 2018 census, adopted through the nineteenth century lake trade and strongest among the Yao of the lakeshore and south.

Islam is the religion of the Federation under Article 3, and state Sharia courts hold jurisdiction over Muslims in family law and religious offences.

About 90 to 95% Sunni Muslim, shaped historically by Sufi brotherhoods including the Tijaniyya and Qadiriyya.

The rulers were Muslim, and Mansa Musa's pilgrimage of 1324 brought scholars, mosque building and Maliki law into the empire.

Islam has been established in the Manding world for centuries, and the epic carries a layer of Muslim reference over older material.

She is the only woman named in the Quran, and is honoured in Islam as the mother of the prophet Isa.

About 17 per cent, largely descended from Gujarati traders and Bihari indentured labourers; the Jummah Mosque in Port Louis is the community's historic centre.

Brought to the sea's entire southern and eastern rim by the seventh and eighth century Arab conquests

Almost the entire population follows Sunni Islam of the Maliki school, with the king holding the title Commander of the Faithful and the Tijaniyya and Boutchichiya Sufi orders prominent.

About one fifth of the population, concentrated on the northern coast, where Indian Ocean trade brought Islam centuries before Portuguese rule.

The official religious administrative body overseeing Islamic affairs in Uzbekistan.

The same bowl carries Quranic inscriptions cut into it long after it was made, so one object in this museum sits inside two traditions in sequence rather than one.

About 5 per cent of the population, chiefly of Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese origin.

The Nation of Islam's Temple Number Seven in Harlem was Malcolm X's base.

Roughly 45 to 50% Muslim, concentrated in the north.

About 33 per cent of the population, almost entirely within the ethnic Albanian and Turkish communities, with Bektashi tekkes including Arabati Baba at Tetovo.

The declaration speaks with esteem of Muslims, who adore the one God, and urges that past quarrels be set aside.

A majority of citizens follow Ibadi Islam, the only country where it predominates, alongside Sunni and Shia Omani minorities.

The sultans held the guardianship of Mecca and Medina from 1517 and claimed the caliphate, which the Turkish assembly abolished in 1924.

About 96% Muslim, roughly 85 to 90% Sunni and 10 to 15% Shia.

About 97 to 98% Sunni Muslim.

Muslim communities, chiefly in Punjab and Bengal, were both targets and, in the same reciprocal violence, perpetrators against Hindu and Sikh neighbors during Partition, and Pakistan was created as the partition's Muslim-majority successor state.

Muslim pehlwans and their pious disciplines are central to the art's history

A courtly art with devotional strands, from Miraj imagery to Sufi poetry illustration

About 6 per cent of the population, present since the fourteenth century and concentrated in western Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago.

Islamic law permits up to four wives with the condition of just treatment.

Islam is the majority tradition west of the partition border in Punjab.

Sunni Islam of a Hanbali and Wahhabi influenced tradition is the state religion, and the state funds the Qatar Faculty of Islamic Studies.

The caliphate that followed Muhammad's death in 632, under which the Quran received its authoritative written form.

The Quran tells the drowning of Pharaoh, and the sea has carried African pilgrims to Jeddah for the hajj ever since.

The Rohingya are Sunni Muslim with a strong Sufi devotional layer.

A Muslim Spiritual Assembly with a state-appointed mufti was established at Orenburg in 1788, making the empire an arbiter of Islamic orthodoxy.

A minority of about two per cent, which grew after 1994 partly because mosques were widely seen to have sheltered people during the genocide.

State religion; about 93% Sunni and 5 to 6% Shia, home to Mecca and Medina.

The tradition's liturgical, scriptural or ancestral language belongs to this family.

About 96 per cent of the population, organised through the Tijaniyya centred on Tivaouane and Kaolack and the Mouridiyya centred on Touba.

The Mughal Empire's ruling dynasty and state administration were Islamic; several of the conflict's flashpoints, including both Gurus' executions, are read in the traditional and much of the general literature as acts of religious enforcement by that Islamic state authority against the Sikh faith.

Many, not all, lineages are explicitly Islamic; spiritual framing varies by school

About 15 per cent of the population, chiefly the Malay community served by mosques administered under the Islamic Religious Council.

State religion of the ruling and scholarly elite, most systematically under Askia Muhammad.

A minority of roughly six per cent, mainly in the towns and along the border with Sudan.

Mosques, madrasas and Islamic courts were closed across Central Asia and the Caucasus, and practice continued largely outside the registered structures.

Predominantly Sunni, organised through the Khatmiyya and Ansar Sufi brotherhoods, whose leading families are also political dynasties.

About 14 per cent of the population, the highest share of any country in the western hemisphere, drawn from both Indian and Javanese indentureship.

About 5 per cent of the population, largely of Balkan and Turkish origin.

Before 2011, roughly 74% Sunni Muslim with an 11% Alawite minority.

Governs in the name of its own interpretation of Islamic law.

Roughly 35 per cent nationally and almost the entire population of Zanzibar, an inheritance of Swahili coastal Islam and Omani rule.

Muslim residents, businesses and places of worship were the systematic target of the January 1993 violence in particular, the Srikrishna Commission's own central finding.

Muslim worshippers gathered for Ramadan dawn prayers were the massacre's target, killed inside the Ibrahimi Mosque hall of the shared shrine.

The demolished structure was a mosque, and Muslim communities and property across India bore the heaviest losses of the nationwide riots that followed.

The amendment turns on a legal definition of Muslim identity rather than affirming Islam itself.

Mosques in the northwest were closed and in places destroyed.

The Quran gives the account of the garden and the fall, and uses the same word of it that it uses of the paradise to come.

The Quran names the Sabians beside Jews and Christians, which is why the identification carried legal weight under Muslim rule.

A 2005 ruling in which scholars from Sunni, Shia and Ibadi Islam recognised one another's schools as valid.

Islam affirms the conception of Jesus without a father while rejecting the sonship that Christian doctrine draws from it.

The wider religion within which this is an intra-Islamic dispute over practice, not a persecution of Islam by an outside actor; both the demolishing Wahhabi movement and the mourning Shia and Sunni communities are Muslim.

A state museum in a former palace, not a mosque. Its Chamber of the Sacred Relics keeps objects venerated in Islam that the Ottoman sultans gathered as guardians of the holy cities.

About 5 per cent of the population; the Muharram observance known locally as Hosay has been shared across religious lines since the nineteenth century.

About 99% Sunni Muslim; the Great Mosque of Kairouan is considered a foundational center of Islamic learning in North Africa.

About 96 to 99% Muslim, Sunni Hanafi majority with a substantial Alevi minority.

The tradition's liturgical, scriptural or ancestral language belongs to this family.

About 14 per cent of the population, present since nineteenth century trade contacts with the Swahili coast.

The dynasty gave Islam its first monumental public form, in Arabic administration, imageless coinage and the Dome of the Rock.

The official religion; Abu Dhabi hosted the 2019 Document on Human Fraternity and opened the Abrahamic Family House in 2023.

Deoband and the Nadwatul Ulama at Lucknow shaped modern South Asian Islam.

About 96% Sunni Muslim of the Hanafi school.

Almost the entire population, divided between a Shafii Sunni majority and Zaydi Shia communities in the northern highlands.

Akbar and the great majority of the Din-i-Ilahi's courtier following were formally Muslim; the order layered a personal discipleship and comparative ethic on top of that base rather than replacing it wholesale.

Friday (Yawm al-Jumu'ah) is the day of congregational prayer in Islam; the noon Jumu'ah prayer at the mosque is obligatory for Muslim men.

The agitation was organized by Muslim religious parties under an explicitly Islamic banner, demanding Ahmadis be declared outside the fold of Islam by law; this edge connects that organizing identity to the riots without asserting the violence as Islam's own position, since the Munir Report itself found no consensus even among the testifying ulema on the theological question the agitation claimed to settle.

Authored and signed exclusively by Muslim scholars, clerics and intellectuals.

Sirhindi wrote and taught as a Sunni Sufi scholar within Islam.

Islamic scholars carried alchemy from Alexandria to Europe and gave it much of its vocabulary, alkali, alembic and elixir, through figures such as Jabir ibn Hayyan; it was pursued privately by learned men and never held any standing in Islamic law or worship.

Derived from the tradition recorded on the mantra, Judaism, Christianity and Islam.