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Shingon

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Origin 806 to 816 CE

Shingon, meaning True Word, a rendering of the Sanskrit mantra, is a major school of esoteric or tantric Buddhism in Japan, founded by the monk Kukai in the early ninth century. It teaches that buddhahood can be attained in this very body through ritual identification with the cosmic buddha Mahavairocana, by means of the three mysteries of body, speech and mind, enacted in mudras, mantras and the visualization of mandalas. Its practice is elaborately ritual and its doctrine transmitted from master to disciple through initiation. The school's principal centre is the monastic complex of Koyasan, and it remains one of the enduring traditions of Japanese Buddhism.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
806 to 816 CE 1
Place of Origin
Mount Koya and Toji, Japan 1
Founder
Kukai (774-835). 1
Reach
Adherents TodaySourced to the subject's own account
About 5.5 million believers across roughly 3,700 affiliated temples nationwide, per Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs 2021 statistical survey of religion. 4
Cultural Restriction
Restricted Tradition
Shingon is esoteric Buddhism by constitution: the instruction for its central rites is conferred through abhisheka (kanjo) initiation from master to disciple in a lineage descending from Kukai, and the school's own name for its teaching, mikkyo, the secret teaching, states the principle. Kukai's writings, the school's doctrine and its public ceremonies are openly published and studied, and the atlas describes them without setting out the initiatory ritual instruction the school transmits only within ordination and empowerment. 2
Organisation
Governance
A head temple over affiliated branch temples 1
Divided among independent branches with their own head temples, chiefly Koyasan Shingonshu and the Chisan and Buzan branches.
Ordination
Married clergy permitted 1
Ordination
Ordination is into a monastic order, not to a congregation 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 1
Trajectory
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
About 5.5 million believers across roughly 3,700 affiliated temples nationwide, as of 2021, per the Agency for Cultural Affairs' annual statistical survey of religion. 4
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
2021-01-01 4
Basis of the Membership FigureSourced to the subject's own account
Church-Reported Rolls 4
History
Separation or Divergence
Shingon later divided over the succession at Toji and Mount Koya 1
Separation or Divergence
The Nara schools: Kukai brought an independent esoteric transmission and was granted Mount Koya in 816 1
Date of Separation
806 to 816 CE 1
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Awakening through esoteric ritual transmission (mikkyo) 1Tradition: Buddhism
Defining Doctrinal Position
Awakening is the ground already present, not an outcome 2
Defining Doctrinal Position
Buddhahood realised in this very body and lifetime 3
Practice
Liturgical Language
Sanskrit 1
Liturgical Language
Classical Chinese (read in Sino-Japanese where used in Japan) 1
Learn More
Kukai, and the Esoteric Buddhism of Japan

Shingon ("True Word," a rendering of mantra) is the great school of esoteric or tantric Buddhism in Japan, founded by Kukai (774-835), posthumously Kobo Daishi, one of the most influential figures in Japanese religious and cultural history. Having received the esoteric transmission in China, Kukai established his monastic centre on Mount Koya, still the heart of the school.

Shingon teaches that buddhahood is attainable "in this very body" through the practice of the three mysteries, the ritual gestures (mudra) of the body, the sacred formulas (mantra) of speech, and the meditative visualization (using mandala) of the mind, by which the practitioner aligns with and realizes the cosmic Buddha Mahavairocana, of whom all reality is the expression. Its dense symbolic system, its twin mandalas, and its elaborate ritual gave Shingon a lasting influence on Japanese art and on the wider fusion of Buddhas and kami (honji suijaku) that shaped Japanese religion for a millennium.

Two Mandalas, and This Body as It Is

Shingon's central claim is stated in the title of one of Kukai's works: that buddhahood is attained in this very body, in this life, and not after countless lifetimes.

The two realms

The teaching is carried by a pair of mandalas used together. The Womb Realm sets out the world as the compassionate unfolding of the Buddha Mahavairocana, arranged around a central lotus. The Diamond Realm sets out the same reality as indestructible wisdom, in nine assemblies. Neither is complete alone. A practitioner is formally introduced to both at initiation, by throwing a flower onto each to determine which figure the practice will centre on.

The three mysteries

Body, speech and mind are brought into correspondence with the Buddha's own: mudra in the hands, mantra in the mouth, and the visualised presence of the deity in the mind. Performed together, these are held to make the practitioner's activity and the Buddha's activity indistinguishable, which is the mechanism behind the claim about this body. The rites are transmitted from master to disciple and are not published, which is what the word esoteric is doing in the school's name.

A reading of the whole of Buddhism

Kukai arranged all teaching into ten stages of mind, running from the animal state through Confucian ethics, the Hindu and Hinayana positions, and the other Japanese schools, to the esoteric teaching at the tenth. The scheme does not reject the earlier stages; it treats them as accurate accounts of where a mind actually stands, which is why Shingon absorbed rather than displaced what it found in Japan.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Shomyo, Sacred Sound
Source The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd editionStanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (eds.)

Belongs to Tradition

Buddhism, Religions

Branch Of

Buddhism, Religions

Contained In

An East Asian Mahayana school.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Shingon is Vajrayana transmitted to Japan by Kukai in the ninth century; uncontroversial, no new research needed.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Holds Element

Agarwood, Incense

Agarwood is the base of the Japanese incense tradition, and the Shingon rites use it in the compounded forms the temples themselves blend.

Shingon works the seals with mantra and visualisation together as the three mysteries, and the sequences belong to the transmission received at abhisheka rather than to open instruction.

The bell is rung in the Shingon rites in the same pairing with the sceptre that the Indian tradition established.

Shingon priests wear the robe in the Japanese form, with colours and patterns graded by rank in the esoteric hierarchy.

Koyasan, Sacred Sites

Kongobu-ji on the plateau is the head temple of the school, founded by Kukai, who is held by the tradition not to have died but to be in meditation in the mausoleum there.

Shomyo, Sacred Sound

Taught at Mount Koya as part of the priest's training rather than as a musical accomplishment.

Shingon clergy married in large numbers after the decree, though the monastic precept it set aside was never formally rescinded by the school.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Shingon retains the Indian implements through the Chinese esoteric transmission, and the five pronged form is the one most used in its rites.

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Buddhahood, Doctrines

Buddhahood attainable within a single lifetime through tantric method is this school's central claim, per its founder Kukai's doctrine of sokushin jobutsu.

Source Introduction to Tibetan BuddhismJohn Powers

Buddha-nature is affirmed and identified with the practitioner's non-separation from Mahavairocana rather than treated as a latent potential.

Kukai's teaching that the practitioner and the buddha Mahavairocana are not separate is one of the roots of the Japanese original enlightenment tradition.

The founding monastic headquarters of Shingon Buddhism, established by Kukai around 819 and still the sect's administrative and spiritual center.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda

Dharani and mantra scripture of the kind represented by the Nilakantha Dharani Sutra underlies this school's esoteric ritual practice, brought from China by Kukai.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Shingon writes Sanskrit in Siddham and has done since the school was founded, keeping the script in use in Japan long after it had ceased to be written in India. The letters are studied as a set under the name shittan, and the contemplative practices attached to particular syllables are transmitted by initiation.

Attaining buddhahood in this very body is Kukai's central claim and the title of his own treatise on it, and it is what distinguishes the esoteric path he brought from China from the exoteric schools. The ritual method by which the claim is realised passes only under initiation and is not set out in the school's public literature.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda

The Yudono mountain tradition linked to Shingon

Source Takao Mandala (Tokyo National Museum, Wikipedia and Japanese Wiki Corpus)Tokyo National Museum; Wikipedia and Japanese Wiki Corpus contributors

Tantric method, brought from China by this school's founder Kukai in the ninth century, is this school's defining practice within Japanese Buddhism.

Position On

Ahimsa, Doctrines

Non-injury is held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The three poisons are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Anatta, Doctrines

Not-self is held in Shingon.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda
Anicca, Doctrines

Impermanence is held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Bodhicitta, Doctrines

The bodhisattva motivation is held in Shingon.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda
Dana, Doctrines

Giving is held in Shingon as the first of the perfections.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Dependent origination is held in Shingon.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda
Dharma, Doctrines

Dharma is held in Shingon, and Kukai's ranking of the teachings places the esoteric teaching above the exoteric as the dharma preached by the cosmic Buddha in his own person rather than adapted to an audience.

Dukkha, Doctrines

Suffering is held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.
Karma, Doctrines

Karma is held in Shingon.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda
Nirvana, Doctrines

Nirvana is held in Shingon.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda
Samadhi, Doctrines

Collected absorption is held in Shingon, and the school's ritual practice of body, speech and mind together is presented as its form.

Samsara, Doctrines

Samsara is held in Shingon.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda

Shingon stands on the sudden side: Kukai's claim that buddhahood is attained in this very body is an argument that the esoteric path does not require the incalculable aeons the exoteric teaching allots.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda
Sunyata, Doctrines

Emptiness is held in Shingon.

Source Kukai: Major WorksYoshito S. Hakeda

The five aggregates are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The four immeasurables are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The four truths are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The eightfold path is held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The six realms are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The three jewels and going for refuge are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The three marks are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

The two truths are held in Shingon as part of the exoteric inheritance the school ranks its own teaching against.

Held Differently

The Ten Perfections, Doctrines

The perfections are held in Shingon.

Source The Princeton Dictionary of BuddhismRobert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr.

Traditions Fused into This

Sources
1. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
Robert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr., Princeton University Press, 2014s.v. ShingonshuView the Source
2. The Weaving of Mantra: Kukai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse
Ryuichi Abe, Columbia University Press, 1999View the Source
3. Kukai: Major Works
Yoshito S. Hakeda, Columbia University Press, 1972On Kukai and the doctrine and ritual of Shingon esoteric BuddhismView the Source
4. Buddhist School Membership and Temple Figures in Japan (Facts and Details)
Facts and Details (Jeffrey Hays)View the Source
The Book of Incense: Enjoying the Traditional Art of Japanese Scents
Kiyoko Morita, Kodansha International, 1992
Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
Paul Williams, Routledge, 1989Esoteric (Shingon) Buddhism within the Mahayana
Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
Paul Williams, Routledge, 1989On esoteric (tantric) Buddhism within the Mahayana
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